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    BEYOND THE ROMAN EAST: AN ARCHAEOLOGICAL EVALUATION OF THE MITHRAEUM BASED ON ITS ARCHITECTURAL AUTHENTICITY AT CASTRUM ZERZEVAN (D?YARBAKIR, TURKEY)
    (Mega Publishing House, 2022) Coskun, Aytac; Oguz-kirca, E. Deniz
    A rock-cut Mithraic sanctuary (2nd-3rd centuries) was excavated in Castrum Zerzevan. With its architectural authenticity and connectedness to the neighbouring structures, it has remained intact since it was purposefully buried probably around the 4th century. The authors argue that it stands as the only known Mithraeum on the eastern border of Rome until proven otherwise. The close up of the site is expressible with the transition process from paganism to monotheistic practices. In the spatio-temporal context, it must have been one of the oldest sanctuaries, due to interactions over the Persian peripheries, of the Mithras belief adopted by the Romanly world.
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    Chipped stone assemblages of Kortik Tepe (Turkey)
    (Elsevier, 2018) Kartal, Metin; Kartal, Gizem; Coskun, Aytac; Carter, Tristan; Sahin, Feridun; Ozkaya, Vecihi
    Kortik Tepe is a low mound on the Tigris in Southeastern Turkey, dated to the end of the 11th and the 10th millennia BC. The lithic assemblage from the earliest level at Kortik Tepe is late epi-Palaeolithic in character, and dates to the Younger Dryas. The levels above are dated to the Pre-Pottery Neolithic A [PPNA] period, strata that produced rich lithic industries, hundreds of zoomorphic and anthropomorphic decorated stone vessels, un-decorated stone vessels, decorated ritual bone objects, thousands of marine shell beads and several kinds of stone beads, animal decorated stone plaques, bone tools, bone fishing hooks, perforated stones large and small in size, and many kinds of mortars and pestles. This paper represents the first detailed report of Kortik Tepe's chipped stone assemblages.
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    METHODOLOGICAL IMPLICATIONS OF NEW RADIOCARBON DATES FROM THE EARLY HOLOCENE SITE OF KORTIK TEPE, SOUTHEAST ANATOLIA
    (Univ Arizona Dept Geosciences, 2012) Benz, Marion; Coskun, Aytac; Hajdas, Irka; Deckers, Katleen; Riehl, Simone; Alt, Kurt W.; Weninger, Bernhard
    One of the greatest challenges of contemporary archaeology is to synthesize the large amount of radiocarbon and archaeological data into a useful dialogue. For the late Epipaleolithic and the Early Neolithic of the Near East, many C-14 ages have been published without precise stratigraphic documentation. Consequently, for archaeological age models we often must use some more elementary approaches, such as probabilistic summation of calibrated ages. The stratigraphy of Kortik Tepe allows us for the first time to study an extended series of C-14 ages of the earliest Holocene. In particular, we are able to analyze the data according to stratigraphic position within a well-documented profile. However, because of a plateau in the C-14 age calibration curve at the transition from the Younger Dryas to the Early Holocene, dates of this period can be interpreted only if an extended sequence of dates is available. Due to problems remaining in the calibration procedure, the best way to achieve an interpretation is to compare the results of different C-14 calibration software. In the present paper, we use the results of the calibration programs OxCal and CalPal. This approach has important implications for future age modeling, in particular for the question of how to date the transition from the Epipaleolithic to the PPNA precisely and accurately.
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    Networks and Neolithisation: sourcing obsidian from Kortik Tepe (SE Anatolia)
    (Academic Press Ltd- Elsevier Science Ltd, 2013) Carter, Tristan; Grant, Sarah; Kartal, Metin; Coskun, Aytac; Ozkaya, Vecihi
    This paper details the use of obsidian sourcing to reconstruct networks of interaction (or 'communities of practice') amongst populations of south-eastern Anatolia and the Near East in the context of 'Neolithisation' during the late 11th-early 10th millennia BC. EDXRF was used to elementally characterise 120 artefacts of Epi-Palaeolithic - Pre-Pottery Neolithic A date from Kortik Tepe in south-eastern Anatolia. Four eastern Anatolian sources are represented, mainly Bingal A/B and Nemrut Dag, plus the first evidence for the use of Mus obsidian. When the source data is integrated with the artefacts' techno-typological attributes it is possible to locate the assemblage within an Upper Tigris tradition (with some interesting local differences), which stands in stark contrast to contemporary practices in northern Mesopotamia and the Levant. These local and regional distinctions support recent views of the Neolithic being much more heterogeneous, with a 'mosaic' of community-specific/local traditions of subsistence practices, raw material choices and lithic technologies during the Younger Dryas-Early Holocene. (C) 2012 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
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    Reconstruction of an Ancient Hill Used as an On-Site Quarry: Castrum Zerzevan (SE-Turkiye)
    (Taylor & Francis Inc, 2023) Dursun, Felat; Oguz-Kirca, E. Deniz; Toprak, Vedat; Coskun, Aytac
    The Roman period Castrum Zerzevan is on a hill 35 km south of Diyarbakir, Turkiye. Various field evidence (e.g. petrographic similarities, sudden changes of the topographic contours, the morphology of the nearby hills, and traces of the on-site quarry activities) suggests that the topography of the hilltop was artificially modified and used as a quarry. This study aims to introduce an approach that creates the ancient topography and calculates and verifies the volume of the on-site material required to build the fortification and associated structures by applying morphological analyses. The primary objective of the methodology is to reconstruct the site's ancient topography and examine the difference between its former and present surfaces. The result indicates that approximately 36% of the extracted material was used in the enclosure. The overall findings and site investigations suggest quarrying and construction activities were carried out in a planned manner or concurrently at the site. In addition to the collected samples' petrographic and geochemical similarities, the Castrum's topographical modifications and the suitability of the geological unit as a building material support our claim that the Romans were well aware of environmental conditions (including topography and morphology) and material performance.
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    The Winery in Context: The Workshop Complex at Ambarcay, Diyarbakir (SE Turkey)
    (De Gruyter Poland Sp Z O O, 2022) Oguz-Kirca, Eser Deniz; Coskun, Aytac
    The paper examines the physical and contextual situation of a series of nine rock hewn pressing installations forming a complex of a winery workshop (ca. 5 decares) which was unearthed during excavations executed at the Roman site of Ambar village. Matching the Upper Mesopotamia and fed by a fair distance permanent water source - the Ambarcay Stream in close proximity, the site lies over limestone bedrock convenient for processing in a hard ground, right nearby a moderate size quarry besides two spring spouts. The site's scale and function is cross-questioned through the instrumentality of original data and inter-relatedness of a couple of archaeo-environmental features as well as through a selection of comparative evidence and proxy figures addressed in the ancient and historical accounts. Appearingly; topography, surrounding agricultural land and hydrology were three driving agents of the positioning and planning of the complex which looks spacious for household usage but rather demonstrates itself as an atelier of inhabitants (belike run at the institutional level) that expanded into post 3rd century. When also confined to the economic convergence of the value of wine recorded in the ancient and pre-modern sources, total relative capacity of one-time pressing operation generates an idea over figures that could suffice to more than a latifundium or a resident population.