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    Elevated serum ubiquitin-proteasome pathway related molecule levels in attention deficit hyperactivity disorder
    (Walter De Gruyter Gmbh, 2017) Cetin, Ihsan; Bulut, Hamdullah; Simsek, Seref
    Introduction: We aimed to determine the serum levels of transactive response of DNA-binding protein 43 (TDP-43) and ubiquitin C-terminal hydrolase-L1 (UCH-L1), which are ubiquitin-proteasome pathway related molecules and have not been investigated so far, in children with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). Methods: The study group was composed of thirty children aged between 6 and 10. They were diagnosed with ADHD according to DSM-IV criteria. They were the subjects who applied to Dicle University, Faculty of Medicine, and Department of Child Psychiatry in Diyarbakir, Turkey. Children with ADHD were assessed via Turgay DSM-IV Based Child and Adolescent Behavior Disorders Screening and Rating Scale and Stroop test. Serum TDP-43 and UCH-L1 levels were analysed with enzyme-linked immuno-sorbent assay. Results: The TDP-43 and UCH-L1 serum levels of children with ADHD were found to be statistically significantly higher than those of controls. On the other hand, we found that serum levels of TDP-43 correlated with interference effect and hyperactivity-impulsivity in children with ADHD. Conclusion: Imbalances in serum UCH-L1 and TDP-43 levels, and the correlation of TDP-43 levels with clinical parameters in children with ADHD may suggest that ubiquitin--proteasome pathway alterations are associated with ADHD. Deterioration of this pathway may cause intracellular TDP-43 aggregation.