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    COMPARISON OF TOTAL LIPID AND FATTY ACID COMPOSITIONS OF WHOLE-BODY AND BODY SEGMENTS OF LERTHA EXTENSA ADULTS (NEUROPTERA: NEMOPTERIDAE)
    (Texas Acad Sci, 2009) Cakmak, Ozlem; Bashan, Mehmet; Satar, Ali
    Total lipid and fatty acid compositions of phospholipids and triacylglycerols fractions, prepared from whole body and selected body segments (head, thorax and abdomen) of adults males and females of Lertha extensa Oliver (Neuroptera: Nemopteridae), were analyzed by gas chromatography and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. The female abdomen has the highest level of total lipid in body segments. Predominant fatty acid components of phospholipid and triacylglycerol fractions in the whole body and three body segments were C 16:0, C18:1n-9 and C18:2n-6 acids, comprising more than 80 % of the fatty acid components. Fatty acid profiles of whole body extracts differed by sex only for phospholipid and triacylglycerol fractions. Fatty acid profiles of phospholipids from the head and abdomen were similar to those of the whole body, but considerably different from that of thorax. Several minor fatty acids, comprising < 2% of the total, were noted. Detailed profiles are reported, and are compared to those of other insects.
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    The fatty acid compositions of predator Piocoris luridus (Heteroptera: Lygaeidae) and its host Monosteria unicostata (Heteroptera: Tingidae) reared on almond
    (Blackwell Publishing, 2007) Cakmak, Ozlem; Bashan, Mehmet; Bolu, Halil
    The changes in fatty acid compositions during nutritional interaction among almond Amygdalus communis Linnaeus (Rosales: Rosaceae) (host plant), lacebug Monosteria unicostata (Mulsant and Rey) (Heteroptera: Tingidae) and its predator Piocoris luridus Fieber (Heteroptera: Lygaeidae) were determined by gas chromatography and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry analyses. The fatty acid profiles of phospholipids and triacylglycerols were substantially different. Unlike the general observations for virtually most terrestrial insects, arachidonic and eicosapentaenoic acids were detected in high proportions of phospholipid fractions in both insects, especially in P. luridus. Also the almond tissues provide very little oleic acid to the herbivore diet, yet both insect species developed high proportions of this component. Our data reveals instances of specific accumulation of fatty acid biosynthesis, elongation/desaturation, and not incorporating selected fatty acids into cellular lipids.
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    The influence of life-cycle on phospholipid and triacylglycerol fatty acid profiles of Aelia rostrata Boheman (Heteroptera: Pentatomidae)
    (Kansas Entomological Soc, 2008) Cakmak, Ozlem; Bashan, Mehmet; Kocak, Erhan
    The fatty acid compositions of phospholipid and triacylglycerol fractions of total lipids prepared from eggs, nymphs, new-generation, aestivating, and diapausing adults of the wheat stink bug Aelia rostrata Boheman (Heteroptera: Pentatomidae) were analyzed by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. The major components were C16 and C18 saturated and unsaturated fatty acid ubiquitous to most animal species. In addition to these components, several odd-chain (C13:0, C15:0, and C17:0) and prostaglandin-precursor fatty acids were found. The fatty acid profiles of phospholipids and triacyglycerols were substantially different. Generally, the phospholipids were higher than triacyglycerols in polyunsaturated fatty acids. The unsaturation/saturation ratio for phospholipid was higher than calculated for triacylglycerol. There were substantial differences in fatty acid compositions from different development stages. In phospholipid fractions, the fatty acid profiles from eggs and nymph were not the same, with decreased palmitoleic acid proportions in nymphs. Eggs also differed from the adult stage, with lower proportions of myristic and higher proportions of palmitoleic and eicosenoic acids. Percentages of linoleic acid increased significantly at the expense of palmitic acid from new-generation adult compared to other nymphal stages. In triacylglcerol fraction. the content of oleic acid in nymphs and most adults stages decreased relative to eggs. In both fractions, polyunsaturated fatty acids contents were higher in female than in male. The proportion of unsaturation/saturation ratio was significantly increased in phospholipid and triacylglycerol, apparently because of increases in major monounsaturated oleic acid at the expense of saturated palmitic acid during diapause. Thus, temperature and development stages seem to play an important role of lipid metabolism in the wheat stink bug.
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    Total lipid and fatty acid compositions of Lertha sheppardi (Neuroptera: Nemopteridae) during its main life stages
    (Versita, 2007) Cakmak, Ozlem; Bashan, Mehmet; Satar, Ali
    Total lipid and the fatty acid compositions of phospholipid and triacylglycerol fractions, prepared from eggs, 3(rd) instars of larvae, pupae, male and female adults of Lertha sheppardi, were analyzed by gas chromatography and gas chromatography- mass spectrometry. The effect of diet (adults' nutrition) on fatty acid composition of L. sheppardi adults was also investigated. Total lipid of L. sheppardi considerably increased in adults compared with immature stages. There was a significant decrease in total lipid level in larval stage in contrast with egg stage. Qualitative analysis revealed the presence of 14 fatty acids during all stages. The major components were C16 and C18 saturated and unsaturated components which are ubiquitous to most animal species. In addition to these components, one odd- chain (C17: 0) and prostaglandin precursor fatty acids were found. The fatty acid profiles of phospholipids and triacylglycerols were substantially different. In phospholipid fraction, monounsaturated fatty acids were the major proportion of fatty acids in both sex of adults and pupae, whereas polyunsaturated fatty acids were the most dominant fatty acids in eggs and 3rd instars. Results of triacylglycerol fraction revealed that fatty acid composition of eggs had higher level of C16: 1, C18: 0 and C18: 3n- 3 content than that of 3rd instars and pupae, which suggests accumulation of energetic and structural reserve materials during embryonic development. At more advanced developmental stages, mainly in adult females, the amount of C16: 1 increased once again, which may be related to the need for accumulation of sufficient energy and of carbon reservoir in the developing new vitellum. Percentages of C18: 1 were significantly high in adult stages compared to other stages. These findings indicate that the accumulation and consumption of fatty acids fluctuate through different development stages. Diet did not effect the fatty acid composition of L. sheppardi adults.