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    Aflatoxin species: their health effects and determination methods in different foodstuffs
    (Sciendo, 2012) Bakirdere, Sezgin; Bora, Selin; Bakirdere, E. Gulhan; Aydin, Firat; Arslan, Yasin; Komesli, O. Tarik; Aydin, Isil
    Carcinogenic and mutagenic properties of aflatoxin species are known in literature. Their intake over a long time period might be health-dangerous for human even at trace levels. It is well known that different foodstuffs can be contaminated by aflatoxin species through growing and storage. Due to the serious health effects, sensitive determination of aflatoxin species in any matrices related with the human being is very crucial at trace levels. In literature, there are sensitive techniques to analyze the different samples for the contents of their aflatoxin species. Each technique has some advantages and disadvantages over the other techniques. This review aims to summarize the different health effects of aflatoxin species, development of analytical techniques and applications of developed techniques in a variety of matrices.
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    Speciation of arsenic in soil, sediment and environmental samples
    (CRC Press, 2013) Bora, Selin; Aydın, Işıl; Kılınç, Ersin; Aydın, Fırat
    Arsenic is found on the Earth’s crust and its concentration varies in the environment. It has 0.0001 percent of abundance and exists with the ores of lead, gold and copper in nature. Its concentration is relatively lower in different samples. For example, As concentration is < 4.0 µg/L in river and marine waters, < 200 µg/L in sediment pore waters, 5.0 mg/kg in unconsolidated sediments and 7.0 mg/kg in soils (Smedley and Kinniburgh 2002). Arsenic levels may increase in the environment by weathering and dissolution of arsenic-containing minerals in surface and waters (Chowdhury et al. 2000). In addition, it is known that arsenic is introduced into the environment by anthropogenic activities. The principle anthropogenic sources are the base metal smelters, mining of arsenic ores (Krysiak and Karczewska 2007, Palumbo-Roe and Klinck 2007) and wastes from arsenic-processing plants. Moreover, in the poultry and livestock industries, several phenyl arsenical compounds have been used as feed additives to prevent coccidiosis and enhance animal growth. Poultry or livestock excrete most of the arsenic in the feed and then arsenic is easily passed into the soil because of the use of poultry litter as a type of fertilizer (Stolz et al. 2007, Garbarino et al. 2003).