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    Adaptions in subsistence strategy to environment changes across the Younger Dryas-Early Holocene boundary at Körtiktepe, Southeastern Turkey
    (Sage Publications INC., 2022) Emra, Stephanie; Benz, Marion; Siddiq, Abu B.; Özkaya, Vecihi
    The site of Kortiktepe in southeastern Turkey is one of few sites in the Upper Mesopotamia basin that attests continuous, permanent occupation across the boundary from end of the colder, drier Younger Dryas (YD) into the comparatively wetter and warmer Early Holocene (EH). This allows for the study of the degree of environmental change experienced on a local level over this boundary as well as for the study of the adaptations that the occupants of the site undertook in response to these changes. The mammal assemblage of Kortiktepe remains relatively stable across the YD - EH transition with the main contributors to diet being mouflon (Ovis orientalis) and red deer (Cervus elaphus) in approximately the same quantities, although the contribution of aurochs (Bos primigenius) increases in the EH. The most significant changes can be seen in the shift in avifauna remains, with a sharp increase of waterbirds during the EH. It is proposed that these shifts reflect changes in the local environment with an increase in woodland cover as well as expansion of local waterways, which is generally consistent with previously published archaeobotanical studies. In terms of species exploited, mortality profiles as well as size distribution of mammals, a great deal of continuity is observed. This suggests that over this particular period the local impact of the beginning of the Early Holocene was not overly dramatic, allowing for cultural continuity of previously established subsistence strategies.
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    Auditory exostosis: Exploring the daily life at an early sedentary population (Kortik Tepe, Turkey)
    (Wiley, 2018) Koruyucu, Meliha Melis; Şahin, Feridun S.; Delibaş, D.; Erdal, Ömür Dilek; Benz, Marion; Özkaya, Vecihi; Erdal, Yılmaz Selim; 0000-0001-8143-8159; 0000-0002-3008-3148
    Auditory exostosis (AE) is a bony anomaly located on the tympanic portion of the temporal bone. Cold water, wind chill, and the effects of temperature are considered to be contributors to the development of AE. It is frequently encountered among surfers, lifeguards, whitewater kayakers, swimmers, and divers. Accordingly, there is a strong relationship between prolonged exposure to cold water and the frequency and grade of AE. For this reason, AE can be accepted as an occupational anomaly. In this study, AE from Kortik Tepe, Turkey, were analysed to understand the lifestyle of early hunter gatherer populations from Anatolia. One hundred twenty-eight individuals and 174 temporal bones from Kortik Tepe were examined for the frequency and severity (graded) of AE. Forty-five individuals (35.2%) have exostosis of various sizes. Half of 40 male individuals and 42.5% of females (n: 40) have AE with no statistically significant difference between the sexes. First observed in individuals 7 years of age, severity and frequency of AE increase with age. Besides increasing in frequency, the increase in size of AE suggest a continuous and prolonged exposure to cold water. The people of Kortik Tepe, which is surrounded by numerous freshwater sources, must have been subjected to cold water through activities such as bathing, cleaning, swimming, and playing in the water, as well as fishing. Our results suggest that the lifestyle of early sedentary people in Kortik Tepe was rather egalitarian with little or no gender differences and was closely connected to aquatic sources. Bioarchaeological data suggest that Kortik Tepe can be accepted as a community of hunter-gatherer-fishermen.
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    METHODOLOGICAL IMPLICATIONS OF NEW RADIOCARBON DATES FROM THE EARLY HOLOCENE SITE OF KORTIK TEPE, SOUTHEAST ANATOLIA
    (Univ Arizona Dept Geosciences, 2012) Benz, Marion; Coskun, Aytac; Hajdas, Irka; Deckers, Katleen; Riehl, Simone; Alt, Kurt W.; Weninger, Bernhard
    One of the greatest challenges of contemporary archaeology is to synthesize the large amount of radiocarbon and archaeological data into a useful dialogue. For the late Epipaleolithic and the Early Neolithic of the Near East, many C-14 ages have been published without precise stratigraphic documentation. Consequently, for archaeological age models we often must use some more elementary approaches, such as probabilistic summation of calibrated ages. The stratigraphy of Kortik Tepe allows us for the first time to study an extended series of C-14 ages of the earliest Holocene. In particular, we are able to analyze the data according to stratigraphic position within a well-documented profile. However, because of a plateau in the C-14 age calibration curve at the transition from the Younger Dryas to the Early Holocene, dates of this period can be interpreted only if an extended sequence of dates is available. Due to problems remaining in the calibration procedure, the best way to achieve an interpretation is to compare the results of different C-14 calibration software. In the present paper, we use the results of the calibration programs OxCal and CalPal. This approach has important implications for future age modeling, in particular for the question of how to date the transition from the Epipaleolithic to the PPNA precisely and accurately.
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    Re-presenting the Past Evidence from Daily Practices and Rituals at Kortik Tepe
    (Univ Press Colorado, 2018) Benz, Marion; Alt, Kurt W.; Erdal, Yilmaz S.; Sahin, Feridun S.; Ozkaya, Vecihi
    [Abstract Not Available]
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    Subsistence strategies and vegetation development at Aceramic Neolithic Kortik Tepe, southeastern Anatolia, Turkey
    (Springer, 2018) Roessner, Corinna; Deckers, Katleen; Benz, Marion; Ozkaya, Vecihi; Riehl, Simone
    With the advent of sedentism, or living in permanent settlements, a new way of life began. The hunter and gatherers' well established subsistence strategy of thousands of years slowly moved towards farming, beginning with herding and cultivation and leading to the domestication of animals and plants. The Aceramic Neolithic site of Kortik Tepe in southeastern Anatolia, Turkey, provides insight into a permanent settlement of hunters and gatherers at the end of the Pleistocene and the beginning of the Early Holocene. Archaeobotanical investigations at the site including charcoal studies provide new information about the origins of agriculture in the northern Fertile Crescent. With the start of the Younger Dryas, there was an opening up of the oak woodland, which may have allowed widespread dense stands of annual, especially small-seeded grasses and riverine taxa to grow and thus provide staple foods for the inhabitants of Kortik Tepe. With the beginning of the Early Holocene, the oak woodland spread again and replaced these open grass-dominated stands, and the people of Kortik Tepe seem to have then favoured large-seeded grasses, nuts and legumes. Riverine taxa and a large diversity of edible plants were used for subsistence in both time periods. Increasing numbers of chaff remains and weeds in the Early Holocene samples suggest small-scale cultivation of the wild progenitors of cereals and pulses.