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Öğe Adana ilinde buğday sülüğü, Oulema melanopus (L.) (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae)' un populasyon gelişimi ve bazı biyolojik özellikleri üzerine araştırmalar(2004) Kornoşor, Serpil; Bayram, Ahmet; Can, Feza; Doğanlar, OğuzhanÇalışma 2000-2001 yıllarında Adana ilinde yürütühnüştür. Oulema melanopus (L.) (Coleoptera:Chrysomeridae)'un populasyon gelişimini tespit amacı ile çalışmalar Doğankent ve Balcah'da belirlenen iki tarlada yapılmıştır. Populasyon takibi çalışmalarında ergin örneklemesi için tarlanın 4 farklı bölgesinde ardarda 25 atrap olmak üzere toplam 100 atrap sallanmış, ergin öncesi dönemlerin örneklenmesi için ise tarlanın 10 farklı yerinde 1 metre uzunluğundaki buğday bitkileri kontrol edilmiş ve bu bitkiler üzerindeki yumurta ve larvalar kaydedilmiştir. İlk ergin çıkışları 2000-2001 yıllarında sırasıyla 15 Mart ve 6 Şubat tarihlerinde görülmüş ve her iki yılda da mayıs ve haziranda sona ermiştir. Doğankent'teki populasyon yoğunluğu, Balcalı'dakinden daha yüksek olarak tespit edilmiştir. Laboraüıvar çalışmaları 15-20 ±1°C sıcaklık ve % 70 ±5 orantılı nem ve 16:8 A:K fotoperiyot koşullarında yapılmıştır. Zararlının 15 ± 1°C de yumurta, larva ve pupa gelişimi sırasıyla 6.32 ± 0.06, 21.81 ± 0.79, 30.40 ± 0.22 gün; 20 ± l°C'de sırasıyla 3.44 ± 0.08, 15.50 ± 0.28, 19.00 ± 0.25 gün olmuştur. Zararlı arazi ve laboraüıvar koşullarında yılda 1 döl vermiştir.Öğe cis-Jasmone treatments affect multiple sucking insect pests and associated predators in cotton(E Schweizerbartsche Verlagsbuchhandlung, 2020) Tonga, Adil; Cakmak, Suna; Seker, Kadri; Temiz, Mefhar Gultekin; Bayram, AhmetDefense induction by exogenous applications of natural plant defense elicitors is an alternative pest control method. Such deployments not only provide resistance against herbivores but also attract their natural enemies. The influences of different doses of the plant defense elicitor cis-jasmone (CJ) (25, 50, 100 g/ha and an untreated control) on cooccurring sucking cotton, Gossypium hirsutum Linnaeus, insect pests from different feeding guilds (Thrips tabaci, Aphis gossypii, Empoasca decipiens) and their predators (Aeolothrips intetmedius, Chrysoperla carnea, Coccinella septempunctata) were examined under field conditions in 2012 and 2013. CJ treatments, coinciding with different plant growth stages, were made per growing season. The abundance of apterous A. gossypii was lower on CJ-sprayed cotton plants than on untreated control plants. Similarly, the overall abundance of T. tabaci was lower on treated cotton plants irrespective of the tested dose comparing with untreated control plants. Empoasca decipiens abundance was lowest on plants treated with the lowest CJ dose (25 g/ha). An attractive effect of CJ treatments on the predatory thrips A. intermedius was detected; its highest abundances were recorded on plants treated with 100 g/ha CJ. The highest abundances of C. carnea were detected on plants treated with 100 g/h CJ in 2012, whereas no such dose-specific attraction was recorded in 2013. CJ treatments had no significant effect on C. septempunctata and alate A. gossypii abundances. The different CJ doses used had no phytotoxic effects on cotton plants and cotton yield. The results are discussed in terms of possible CJ deployment in cotton pest management.Öğe cis-Jasmone treatments affect pests and beneficial insects of wheat (Triticum aestivum L.): the influence of doses and plant growth stages(Elsevier Sci Ltd, 2018) Bayram, Ahmet; Tonga, Adilcis-Jasmone (CJ) is a natural plant volatile derived from linolenic acid via the octadecanoid pathway, and acts as a semiochemical and plant defense elicitor. In the present study, the effects of three different CJ doses (25 g.ha(-1); 50 g.ha(-1); 100 g.ha(-1)), applied at two different wheat growth stages (flag leaf just visible and emergence of inflorescence completed), on wheat insect pests and beneficial insects were investigated using three different sampling methods (direct visual counting, sweep-netting, colored sticky traps) under semi-arid conditions during 2011-2013. Depending on the insect species, CJ dose-effects varied with study years, plant growth stages and/or sampling methods. Among the pest species, cereal aphids (apterous and alate) were the most prominently affected by CJ treatment, irrespective of the dose; fewer aphids were detected on the CJ-treated plants than on untreated control plants by direct visual counting, sweep net and yellow sticky trap samplings. CJ treatment also had deterrent effects on phytophagous thrips species and wheat stem sawflies (Hymenoptera: Cephidae), whereas CJ was an attractant for aphid parasitoids, coccinellid species and the wheat stem sawfly parasitoid Collyria coxator (Hymenoptera: Ichneumonidae). CJ treatment had no effect on syrphid species (Diptera: Syrphidae). There was no significant effect of CJ treatment on wheat yield; however, CJ-treated plants were taller than untreated control plants. Although the behavioral responses of the studied species to CJ treatment varied with the plant growth stage and treatment dose, and were not consistent across all sampling methods, our findings indicate CJ treatment may be used to reduce some insect pest populations and manipulate some natural enemy species under field conditions.Öğe Comparative demography and population projection of Ephestia kuehniella (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae) and Callosobruchus maculatus (Coleoptera: Bruchidae)(Entomological Society of Iran (ESI), 2020) Mohammadi, Saeideh; Maroufpoor, Nariman; Tonga, Adil; Bayram, Ahmet; Maroufpoor, MostafaThe Mediterranean flour moth, Ephestia kuehniella (Zeller) and the cowpea weevil, Callosobruchus maculatus (Fabricius) rank among the most destructive pests in food processing facilities worldwide. Ephestia kuehniella and C. maculatus may live in the same store simultaneously. To provide a comprehensive ecological based and cost effective control program, the life history and demographic parameters of the both stored product pests were studied at 25 ± 1°C, 60 ± 5% RH, and 16L:8D hours photoperiod. Moreover, population growth potential of the pests compared based on population projection. Life history and demographic parameters of both pests were analyzed using the age-stage, two-sex life table theory. The results revealed that E. kuehniella had longer immature developmental time, shorter adult longevity, shorter reproduction period, higher fecundity, higher net reproduction rate, and lower intrinsic rate of increase in comparison with the cowpea weevil. The obtained results have been discussed in terms of developing appropriate management strategies against both pests in the storage.Öğe Cotton treatment with methyl jasmonate at different growth stages reduces the population of sucking insect pests and marginally increases their associated predators(Wiley, 2022) Tonğa, Adil; Şeker, Kadri; Çakmak, Suna; Temiz, Mefhar Gültekin; Bayram, AhmetMethyl jasmonate (MEJA), a volatile organic compound, can induce plant defenses, thereby contributing to repelling insect pests and attracting their natural enemies. In 2013 and 2014, the influence of three exogenous MEJA doses (0.88, 1.76, and 3.55 mM) under field conditions was investigated on the abundance of the cotton pests Thrips tabaci Lindeman (Thysanoptera: Thripidae), Empoasca decipiens Paoli (Hemiptera: Cicadellidae), and Aphis gossypii Glover (Hemiptera: Aphididae), as well as of the predators Coccinella septempunctata L. (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae), Aeolothrips intermedius Bagnall (Thysanoptera: Aeolothripidae), and Chrysoperla carnea (Stephens) (Neuroptera: Chrysopidae). The MEJA treatments were performed at three cotton plant growth stages: 6-8 true leaves-early squaring, square bud, and boll forming. The abundances of A. gossypii, T. tabaci, and E. decipiens varied considerably among strata and growing seasons and between experimental years, but overall they were lower on MEJA-treated cotton plants than on control plants. The population density of A. intermedius and C. septempunctata did not differ between MEJA-treated and control plants, whereas the intermediate MEJA concentration had an attractive but inconsistent effect on C. carnea. Most of the insect pests and predators showed a preference for specific plant strata. The abundance of T. tabaci was higher in earlier plant growth stages, whereas A. gossypii and E. decipiens were more abundant in later growth stages. Our results demonstrate the deterrent effects of MEJA-induced cotton plants on sucking pests and suggest that MEJA could be exploited as a non-toxic pest management tool. Possible mechanisms underlying the effectiveness of MEJA-mediated cotton plant responses to insect pests are discussed.Öğe Determination of population changes of Laodelphax striatellus (Fallen, 1826) and Sogatella vibix (Haupt, 1927) (Hemiptera: Delphacidae) by using different sampling methods in second crop maize in Diyarbakir province(Entomological Soc Turkey, Ege Univ, 2010) Sertkaya, Erdal; Mutlu, Cetin; Bayram, Ahmet; Bayram, Yunus; Guclu, SabanThe aim of present study was to investigate population changes of Laodelphax striatellus (Fallen, 1826) and Sogatella vibix (Haupt, 1927) Delphacidae (Hemiptera) by using yellow sticky traps and D-Vac in second crop maize fields of Diyarbakir province in 2005 and 2006. The first individuals of L. striatellus were recorded in the traps in early july and its higher densities were caught in yellow sticky traps than that of D-Vac. Similarly, S. vibix individuals were first seen in the middle of july, while its highest densities were caught by both traps in august. Mean numbers of L. striatellus and S. vibix were significantly changed by the years of study, sampling weeks, sampling fields and the sampling methods utilized. However, population densities of L. striatellus were not different between two locations in contrast to S. vibix population.Öğe Distributions of western flower thrips (thysanoptera: Thripidae) and its predatory bug orius niger (hemiptera: Anthocoridae) assessed by coloured sticky traps and plant samplings in cotton(2011) Atakan, Ekrem; Bayram, Ahmet; 0000-0003-4532-3527The capturing efficiency of four coloured (yellow, green, white and blue) sticky traps, placed at the top, middle and bottom strata of cotton plants, was tested for the western flower thrips, Frankliniella occidentalis (Pergande) (Thysanoptera: Thripidae), and its predatory bug, Orius niger (Wolff) (Hemiptera: Anthocoridae), as well as spatial distributions of both insects on the plant in years 2006 and 2007. The white coloured trap was the most attractive to F. occidentalis and O. niger in the 2-year study. The blue coloured trap was the least attractive for Orius. The mean numbers of F. occidentalis and O. niger on the top plant parts (flowers and leaves) and in all coloured traps positioned on the upper parts of the plants were greater than those found in the lower two strata. Taylor's power law analysis showed that F. occidentalis and O. niger adults aggregated in the flowers or on the leaves. This study suggests that top flowers could be preferentially sampled to determine population densities of Frankliniella flower thrips and Orius species in cotton, and thus, sticky traps should be placed on the top level of plants. F. occidentalis: O. niger ratios in the flowers varied from 4 to 60 thrips per Orius adult in the three plant strata. This result may indicate that F. occidentalis experiences more predation from Orius.Öğe Diyarbakır ili ikinci ürün mısır alanlarında farklı örnekleme yöntemleri ile Laodelphax striatellus (Fallen, 1826) ve Sogatella vibix (Haupt, 1927) (Hemiptera: Delphacidae)’in popülasyonlarının belirlenmesi(2010) Bayram, Yunus; Bayram, Ahmet; Sertkaya, Erdal; Güçlü, Şaban; Mutlu, ÇetinDiyarbakır ili ikinci ürün mısır alanlarında 2005 ve 2006 yıllarında yürütülen bu çalışmada Laodelphax striatellus (Fallen, 1826) ve Sogatella vibix (Haupt, 1927) Delphacidae (Hemiptera) türlerinin popülasyon gelişmesi sarı yapışkan tuzak ve D-Vac ile incelenmiştir. L. striatellus temmuz ayı başından itibaren örnekleme yapılan alanlarda görüldüğü; sarı yapışkan tuzaklarda D-Vac’a göre daha fazla sayıda birey toplandığı belirlenmiştir. Benzer şekilde S. vibix temmuz ayı ortasında ikinci ürün mısırda görülmüş hem sarı yapışkan tuzak hem de D-Vac’da ağustos ayı sonunda en yüksek sayıda birey toplanmıştır. Ortalama L. striatellus ve S. vibix birey sayıları yıllar, örnekleme yapılan haftalar, tarlalar ve uygulanan örnekleme yöntemleri bakımından önemli farklılık göstermiştir. Bununla beraber, L. striatellus’un populasyon yoğunlukları S. vibix populasyonunun aksine, 2 tarla arasında farklı bulunmamıştır.Öğe Diyarbakır, Elazığ ve Mardin illeri badem ağaçlarında zararlı Epirhynchites (Colonnellinius) smyrnensis (Desbrochers des Loges) (Coleoptera: Ryhynchitidae)' nin populasyon değişimi(2006) Bolu, Halil; Özgen, İnanç; Bayram, AhmetBu çalışma 2002-2004 yıllan arasında Güneydoğu ve Doğu Anadolu Bölgesi'nde yer alan Diyarbakır, Mardin ve Elazığ illeri badem bahçelerinde Epirhynchites (Colonnellinius) smyrnensis (Desbrochers des Loges) (Coleoptera:Rhynchitidae)'nin populasyon değişimini belirlemek amacı ile yapılmıştır. E. smyrnensis, Elazığ ilinde Diyarbakır ve Mardin illerine oranla her 3 yılda da oldukça yüksek bir populasyon yoğunluğu göstermiştir. Bu ilde E. smyrnensis'in populasyon yoğunluğu en yüksek 18 Mayıs 2003 yılında 66 adet/100 darbe olarak oldukça yüksek bulunmuştur. Zararlının, Diyarbakır ve Mardin illerindeki populasyon değişimi benzerlik göstermiş ve yoğunluk oldukça düşük bulunmuştur. Zararlının ergin uçuşları genel olarak nisan-mayıs aylarında görülmüştür.Öğe Doğu Akdeniz Bölgesi' nde buğday sülüğü, Oulema melanopus (L.) Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae)' un yayılış alanları ve konukçuları(2004) Kornoşor, Serpil; Bayram, Ahmet; Doğanlar, Oğuzhan; Can, FezaOulema melanopus'un yayılış alanları ve konukçu bitkilerinin belirlenmesi ile ilgili çalışmalar Doğu Akdeniz Bölgesi'nde 30 ayrı noktada 2001 ve 2002 yıllarında yürütülmüştür. Sonuç olarak O. melanopus' un Doğu Akdeniz Bölgesinin bir çok yöresinde yaygın olarak bulunduğu, en yüksek populasyon yoğunluğunun 141.33+59.47 ve 112.33±28.32 birey/10m sıra ile Erzin ve Adana'da, en düşük yoğunluğun ise 1.33+0.88 ve 0 birey/1 Om ile Maraş ve Türkoğlu'da olduğu saptanmıştır. Zararlının konukçusu olarak Avenafatuva L., Avena sterilis L., Bromus sp., Bromus tectorum L., Cichontm intybus L., Conyza sp., Hordeum vulvosum L., Lolium perenne L., Phalaris paradoxa L., Plantago sp., . Sorghum halepense (L.), Zea mays L. tespit edilmiştir.Öğe Factors affecting the distribution of two mirid bugs, Creontiades pallidus (Rambur) and Campylomma diversicornis (Reuter) (Hemiptera: Miridae) and notes on the parasitoid Leiophron decifiens Ruthe (Hymenoptera: Braconidae)(Entomologica Fennica, 2009) Efil, Levent; Bayram, AhmetThis study shows how altitude, levels of flowering and squaring, and plant height are associated with the distribution and infestation rate of cotton fields by two mirid bugs, Creontiades pallidus (Rambur) and Campylomma diversicornis (Reuter) (Hemiptera: Miridae) in the southeastern Anatolia region of Turkey. We also describe the relationship between these mirids and the euphorine parasitoid, Leiophron decifiens (Ruthe) (Hymenoptera: Braconidae). Cotton field infestation by C. pallidus was negatively correlated with altitude and positively correlated with density of cotton squares and flowers. In contrast, C. diversicornis was present in all sampled fields together with the parasitoid L. decifiens; there were no significant correlations between their presence and altitude. The percentage of parasitism of C. pallidus nymphs by L. decifiens was low in both cotton and alfalfa, ranging between 1.6 and 6.5%.Öğe Factors associated with mortality of the overwintering generation of Sesamia nonagrioides under field conditions(Springer, 2007) Bayram, Ahmet; Gueltekin, Ahmet; Bruce, Toby J.; Gezan, SalvadorFactors affecting overwintering mortality in the Mediterranean corn stalk borer, Sesamia nonagrioides Lefebvre (Lepidoptera : Noctuidae), were investigated under field conditions in the southeast Mediterranean region of Turkey. During two consecutive years larvae and pupae were sampled from December to April in maize plots sown on three different dates. Field-collected larvae and pupae were reared and the emerged parasitoids were recorded. An effect of sowing date on total numbers of S. nonagrioides was found with reduced populations in the early sown plots. Larval parasitism did not significantly affect overwintering mortality. Habrobracon hebetor (Say) (Hymenoptera : Braconidae) caused 1.1% parasitism and was found only in the first year of the study. Pupal parasitoids were predominantly Ichneumon sarcitorius caucasicus Meyer, Barichneumon sp. and Pimpla spuria Gravenhorst (Hymenoptera : Ichneumonidae) and the parasitism level was 11% in both years of the study.Öğe Genetic variation of cucumber (Cucumis sativus L.) cultivars to exogenously applied jasmonic acid to induce resistance to Liriomyza sativae(Springer, 2023) Doostkam, Mehrangiz; Sohrabi, Fariba; Modarresi, Mohammad; Kohanmoo, Mohammad Amin; Bayram, AhmetExogenous application of jasmonic acid (JA) can trigger the induced resistance of plants to herbivores. This study aimed to investigate the genetic variation of 13 cucumber cultivars in response to the exogenous application of JA for inducing resistance to the vegetable leafminer, Liriomyza sativae, in the field. The plants were treated with 0 (control), 10, or 50 mu M of JA and exposed to natural infestation by L. sativae. Exogenous application of JA-induced resistance to L. sativae, but its effects varied across the cultivars. The most prominent decrease in plant damage (34.7%), leaf damage (78.2%), and the number of larval mines (58%) were observed in Argeto, 14cu4141, and Aroma with 50 mu M JA, respectively. The plants sprayed with JA had more leaf thickness, trichome density, and phenol content compared to control plants. Soheil and Beit Alpha2 had the greatest increase in leaf thickness (89.50%) and trichome density (74.42%) at 10 mu M JA, respectively. The highest increase of phenol content (14.70%) was seen in Emparator upon treatment with 50 mu M JA. Insect damage showed significant negative correlations with leaf thickness and phenol content. Our results indicate that crop cultivars that respond better to treatment should be determined to use JA in pest management programs.Öğe Güneydoğu ve Doğu Anadolu Bölgelerinde Antepfıstığı, badem ve kiraz bahçelerindeki avcı coccinellidae türleri, yayılış alanları ve avları(2007) Bayram, Ahmet; Bolu, Halil; Özgen, İnanç; Çınar, MuharremBu çalışma 1992-2004 yılları arasında Güneydoğu ve Doğu Anadolu Bölgesi'nde yer alan Adıyaman, Diyarbakır, Elazığ, Mardin, Siirt ve Şanlıurfa illeri antepfıstığı, badem ve kiraz bahçelerinde yapılmıştır. Çalışma sonucunda, Coccinellidae familyasına dahil toplam 34 tür belirlenmiştir. Bu türlerden 32 tanesinin avcı tür olduğu belirlenmiş ve en fazla türe 26 adet ile badem bahçelerinde rastlanmıştır. Bunu 22 ve 9 tür ile antepfıstığı ve kiraz bahçeleri izlemiştir. Belirlenen 34 coccinellid türü içerisinde en yaygın olarak Coccinella semptempunctata Linnaeus, Hyperaspis quadrimaculata Redtenbacher ve Oenopia conglabata (Linnaeus) olmuştur. Yaygınlığı ve yoğunluğu en düşük türler ise Pharoscymnus numidicus Pic., Nephus ludyi Weise, Oenopia oncina (Olivieri), Platynaspis luteorubra (Goeze), Scymnus (Pullus) auritus Thunberger ve Scymnus (Pullus) syriacus Marseulolarak saptanmıştır. Antepfıstığı, badem ve kiraz bahçelerinde avcı coccinellid türlerinin beslenebileceği 28 av belirlenmiştir. Bu avlar içerisinde Aphididae ve Cicadellidae familyaları en fazla tür içeren familyalar olarak dikkat çekmiştir.Öğe Lethal and sublethal effects of preimaginal treatments with two pyrethroids on the life history of the egg parasitoid Telenomus busseolae(Springer, 2010) Bayram, Ahmet; Salerno, Gianandrea; Onofri, Andrea; Conti, EricThe egg parasitoid Telenomus busseolae Gahan (Hymenoptera: Scelionidae) is one of the most important natural enemies of the Mediterranean corn stem borer, Sesamia nonagrioides Lefebvre (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae). The effects of lethal and sublethal concentrations of two commonly used pyrethroids, deltamethrin and cyfluthrin, on emergence, fecundity, longevity, and offspring sex ratio of T. busseolae exposed during different preimaginal stages were studied. The insecticide, the tested concentrations of the insecticide (field-recommended concentration and three dilutions with twofold concentration decreases), and the stage of parasitoid preimaginal development (first and second larval stages and pupae) all significantly influenced the percentage of emergence. Life history parameters of parasitoids exposed to the highest and lowest tested concentrations of the two insecticides (3.0 and 0.375 ml l(-1) for cyfluthrin and 0.5 and 0.0625 ml l(-1) for deltamethrin) at eight days post-oviposition (pupal stage) were calculated. The intrinsic rate of increase, the total progeny produced, and the net reproductive rate of the parasitoid were all adversely affected by the field-recommended concentrations of at least one insecticide. However, the longevity, the length of the oviposition period, and the offspring sex ratio were unaltered by the two insecticides. The effects of sublethal concentrations of the insecticides, applied at preimaginal stages, on the responses of T. busseolae females to host abdominal scales, were studied in open-arena bioassays. Cyfluthrin altered both the residence time and linear speed of the parasitoid in the host scale-containing areas, whereas deltamethrin had no effect. Our results indicate that, in addition to lethal effects, sublethal effects should also be considered when evaluating insecticide consequences on non-targets.Öğe Lethal and sublethal effects of various insecticides on the immature stages of the solitary egg parasitoid, Telenomus busseolae(Elsevier B.V., 2024) Tonğa, Adil; Bayram, AhmetTelenomus busseolae Gahan (Hymenoptera: Scelionidae) is the most effective egg parasitoid of corn borers, Sesamia spp. (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae). A balanced pest management requires the use of insecticides compatible with T. busseolae since relying solely on the parasitoid may prove inadequate in controlling pest outbreaks. This study investigated the lethal and sublethal effects of chlorantraniliprole, imidacloprid, indoxacarb, lambda-cyhalothrin, lufenuron, malathion, and thiamethoxam + lambda-cyhalothrin, at various concentrations on emergence rate and fecundity of treated generation as well as emergence rate and sex ratio of offspring generation. The experiments were performed by immersing the host eggs with the parasitoid, encompassing its early larval, late larval, and pupal stages into the insecticide solutions. All concentrations of the insecticides reduced emergence rate in the treated generation, with the pupal stage being most vulnerable except for controversial effects of lambda-cyhalothrin and immature stage-independent effects of imidacloprid. The insecticides, at least one of the concentrations, negatively affected parasitoid fecundity regardless of a consistent pattern across immature stages. The insecticides did not affect the tested attributes of offspring generation except for that imidacloprid reduced female offspring numbers, and malathion decreased emergence rates. This study provides insights into immature stage-specific susceptibility and fecundity responses of treated generation along with potential impacts on subsequent generation, highlighting the necessity of prudent insecticide usage within the context of integrated pest management strategies (IPMs) in maize fields. Additionally, it underscores the urgency of performing field studies to ascertain actual toxicological scenarios.Öğe Maize (Zea mays L.) as a new host plant for the Naked Grass-Mealybug, Heterococcus nudus (Hemiptera: Pseudococcidae)(American Entomological Society, 2020) Tonğa, Adil; Ataş, Mustafa; Bayram, AhmetMaize cultivation has enormously increased in Southeastern Turkey in recent years. The naked grass-mealybug, Heterococcus nudus (Green, 1926) (Hemiptera: Pseudococcidae), is known as a pest for many uncultivated Poaceae plants. The aims of this study are to report maize as a new host plant for H. nudus and its early region-wide distribution in Southeastern Turkey and to examine its parasitoids. The mealybug was detected on the first (sown in March-April) crop maize plants in Çınar during periodic surveys in June and August 2018. In total, forty-two maize fields from fourteen counties belonging to five provinces, namely Adıyaman, Batman, Diyarbakır, Mardin, and Şanlıurfa, were checked for the presence of the mealybug and its parasitoids. The mealybug was recorded in only two counties, Bismil and Çınar of Diyarbakır province while it was not present on maize plants in other surveyed provinces. Mealybug specimens were found feeding between leaf sheets and the stem of maize plants. Mean infestation ratios, i.e. the number of adults + larvae (±SEM), were 2.69 (± 0.52) and 0.5 (± 0.23) adult ± larvae for Çınar and Bismil respectively. The pest did not infest second crop maize plants (sown in June-July). In addition, incubation of collected grass mealybug individuals yielded no parasitoids. Since the pest is not widely distributed throughout the region and currently has very low population densities, no control practices are recommended for the pest.Öğe Methyl jasmonate affects population densities of phytophagous and entomophagous insects in wheat(Corvinus University of Budapest, 2018) Bayram, Ahmet; Tonğa, AdilMethyl jasmonate (MEJA), a well-known herbivore-induced plant volatile, promotes plant defences against various stress factors. The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of different doses of exogenously applied MEJA on the population densities of wheat insect pests and their natural enemies by employing three sampling methods (direct visual sampling, sweep net, sticky traps) in 2012 and 2013 under semi-arid conditions. MEJA treatments had repellent effects on aphids (Hemiptera: Aphididae), phytophagous thrips species (Thysanoptera: Phlaeothripidae and Thripidae) and hoverfly species (Diptera: Syrphidae), whereas it was attractive to wheat stem sawflies (Hymenoptera: Cephidae), lady beetle species (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae) and Collyria coxator (Hymenoptera: Ichneumonidae). MEJA treatments had no effect on aphid parasitoids abundances (Hymenoptera: Braconidae). The experimental outcomes varied, depending on plant phenology and sampling method. MEJA treatment also led to reductions in wheat yield and plant height. MEJA treatment could be beneficial as a natural pest control tool when certain species are targeted.Öğe Natural enemies of the South American moth, Tuta absoluta, in Europe, North Africa and Middle East, and their potential use in pest control strategies(Springer Heidelberg, 2013) Zappala, Lucia; Biondi, Antonio; Alma, Alberto; Al-Jboory, Ibrahim J.; Arno, Judit; Bayram, Ahmet; Chailleux, AnaisThe South American tomato leafminer, Tuta absoluta Meyrick (Lepidoptera: Gelechiidae), is an invasive Neotropical pest. After its first detection in Europe, it rapidly invaded more than 30 Western Palaearctic countries becoming a serious agricultural threat to tomato production in both protected and open-field crops. Among the pest control tactics against exotic pests, biological control using indigenous natural enemies is one of the most promising. Here, available data on the Afro-Eurasian natural enemies of T. absoluta are compiled. Then, their potential for inclusion in sustainable pest control packages is discussed providing relevant examples. Collections were conducted in 12 countries, both in open-field and protected susceptible crops, as well as in wild flora and/or using infested sentinel plants. More than 70 arthropod species, 20 % predators and 80 % parasitoids, were recorded attacking the new pest so far. Among the recovered indigenous natural enemies, only few parasitoid species, namely, some eulophid and braconid wasps, and especially mirid predators, have promising potential to be included in effective and environmentally friendly management strategies for the pest in the newly invaded areas. Finally, a brief outlook of the future research and applications of indigenous T. absoluta biological control agents are provided.Öğe Natural parasitism of maize stemborers, Sesamia spp. (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) eggs by Trichogramma evanescens (Hymenoptera: Trichogrammatidae) in Southeastern Turkey(Gültekin Özdemir, 2021) Tonğa, Adil; Bayram, AhmetMaize, Zea mays L., is currently among the leading cultivated crops in Turkey. Several lepidopteran stemborer species especially, Sesamia nonagrioides Lefèbvre and S. cretica Lederer (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) may cause high maize yield losses. This study is the first to report parasitism of Sesamia spp. eggs by Trichogramma evanescens (Hymenoptera: Trichogrammatidae) in Southeastern Turkey. During our extensive 3-years region-wide survey program (2018-2020), we collected Sesamia spp. eggs laid between leaf sheets and cobs/stalks. T. evanescens adults hatched from the host eggs collected from two locations in Diyarbakır: one in the central county (L10) and the other in Bismil county (L11). The discovery efficiency, parasitism efficiency, and parasitoid impact indexes of T. evanescens were 77.5%, 38.92%, and 32.87% in L10 and 50.0%, 33.45%, and 12.42% for L11, respectively. Sesamia spp. eggs collected from other counties of Diyarbakır province and other provinces such as Batman, Mardin, and Şanlıurfa did not yield in T. evanescens emergence. To our best knowledge, this study is the first to report the presence of T. evanescens in Southeastern Turkey. Possible factors involved in the restriction of T. evanescens are discussed. Special attention should be devoted to increase the potential of conservative biological control strategies to support egg parasitoids.
