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Öğe Antimicrobial susceptibility testing of Arcobacter butzleri and Arcobacter cryaerophilus isolated from buffalo milk with subclinical mastitis: A different approach(Hellenic Veterinary Medical Society, 2022) Altan, Feray; Alp, Simten YeşilmenThe aim of to our study was the minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs) of nine antimicrobials in current use and three potentially new alternatives against Arcobacter spp. isolated from dairy buffalos with subclinical mastitis, and to evaluate these parameters instead of pharmacokinetic parameters. The Arcobacter spp. isolates were isolated from milk samples collected from dairy buffalos with subclinical mastitis. The susceptibility of Arcobacterspp. strains to antimicrobials were performed according to the guidelines by the NCCLS. The MIC value of vancomycin, erythromycin and tetracycline were not determined, and MIC value of ceftiofur, spiramycin and gentamicin have showed wide variations for isolated strains. However, cefquinome, tylosin, enrofloxacin and florfenicol were determined the best-performing agents against these strains. Antibiotics show concentration and time dependent killing, and studies have demonstrated the AUC/MIC, Cmax/MIC and t MIC ratios to be the best diviner of antibacterial effect. In the present study, based on the MIC values determined for selected antimicrobial agents, and pharmacokinetic parameters, amoxicillin, ceftiofur, cefquinome, enrofloxacin and florfenicol may be appropriate for the treatment of mastitis infections caused by susceptible Arcobacter spp. in buffalos.Öğe ASSESSMENT OF THE CARDIOTOXICITY OF TULATHROMYCIN IN RABBITS(Akademiai Kiado Zrt, 2011) Er, Ayse; Altan, Feray; Cetin, Gul; Dik, Burak; Elmas, Muammer; Yazar, EnverThe aim of this study was to determine the cardiotoxic potency of tulathromycin. Tulathromycin (10 mg/kg, SC) was administered to ten adult male rabbits, and blood samples were obtained before and after drug administration (0 and 6 hours). Serum cardiac damage markers (troponin I, creatine kinase-MB, myoglobin, lactate dehydrogenase, aspartate aminotransferase), routine serum biochemical values (alkaline phosphatase, alanine aminotransferase, gammaglutamyltransferase, creatinine, blood urea nitrogen, cholesterol, triglyceride, high-density lipoprotein, amylase, total protein, albumin, glucose, calcium, ionised calcium, sodium, potassium), white blood cell (WBC) and red blood cell (RBC) counts, arterial blood gas parameters (pH, partial carbon dioxide pressure, partial oxygen pressure, actual bicarbonate, standard bicarbonate, total carbon dioxide, base excess in vivo, base excess in vitro, oxygen saturation, packed cell volume, haemoglobin) and serum oxidative status (malondialdehyde, nitric oxide, superoxide dismutase, retinol, beta-carotene) were measured. Increased levels of troponin I, creatine kinase-MB and creatinine, and decreased WBC counts, ionised calcium and potassium levels were observed after drug administration. Tulathromycin treatment may cause cardiotoxicity, but its effects may be less dramatic than those of other macrolide antibiotics frequently used in veterinary medicine.Öğe CHANGES IN NOVEL GASTROINTESTINAL AND RENAL INJURY MARKERS IN THE BLOOD PLASMA OF SHEEP FOLLOWING INCREASING INTRAVENOUS DOSES OF TOLFENAMIC ACID(Akademiai Kiado Zrt, 2019) Yildiz, Ramazan; Corum, Orhan; Atik, Orkun; Corum, Duygu Durna; Altan, Feray; Ok, Mahmut; Uney, KamilThe administration of high doses of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAID), such as tolfenamic acid (TA), has undesirable effects on different organs. Some novel biomarkers have been reported that can determine the gastrointestinal and renal injury caused by a high dose of NSAIDs or other toxic substances. This study was aimed at determining the changes in gastrointestinal (TFF2 and HYP), renal (NGAL and KIM-1) and cardiac (cTn-I, CK-MB) injury markers after the use of increasing intravenous doses of TA in sheep. TA was administered intravenously to groups of six sheep each, at the dose levels of 0 (Group 0, i.e., G0), 2 (G2), 4 (G4), 8 (G8) and 16 (G16) mg/kg. The concentrations of the studied biomarkers were measured at 3, 9, 18 and 36 h after administration of TA. The TFF2 and NGAL concentrations in G16 were found to be significantly higher (P < 0.05) than in the other groups except for G8 at different sampling times. HYP concentration in G16 was observed to be significantly (P < 0.05) lower than that in all other groups at 36 h. KIM-1 level in G16 was significantly (P < 0.05) higher than in all other groups at different sampling times. An increase in the renal markers, KIM-1 and NGAL, in G8 was observed before any change in plasma creatinine and urea. The cardiac marker cTn-I in G16 was significantly (P < 0.05) higher than in other groups at different sampling times. The results showed that the novel biomarkers (HYP, TFF2, NGAL, and KIM-1) can be used to determine gastric and renal injury in sheep.Öğe Determination of the efficiencies of the prokinetics in ruminants with postoperative ileus using pro-inflammatory markers(Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, 2018) Altan, Semih; Dönmez, Kaan; Altan, Feray; Alkan, FahrettinBackground: Recently, the role of inflammation triggered by handling of the intestine various gastrointestinal (GI) surgeries is generally accepted as the key event in postoperative ileus (POI). Because, prokinetics have been increased the smooth muscle contractions and may act by attenuating the inflammatory process in the GI tract, they have been used the treatment of POI in human and animals. There are many in vivo analysis techniques of GI motility. However, there have not yet been studied associated with the evaluation of the inflammatory response. Therefore, it was aimed to evaluate the efficiencies of 3 different prokinetics from inflammatory response during experimentally-induced POI. Materials, Methods & Results: Twenty healthy lambs (30-45 days old) were randomly assigned to four groups. In all groups, enterotomy was performed on the ileum. Erythromycin and metoclopramide were administered to the ERT and MET groups before the surgery, respectively, while lidocaine was administered to the LID group as bolus before and continuous rate infusion during the surgery. Physiological saline was administered to the lambs in control group as placebo before the surgery. Blood samples were collected before surgery (?30-45 min), at the end of surgery (0 h), and at the postoperative 1, 3, 5, 10, 48, 72 and 96 h. The concentrations of serum amyloid A (SAA), haptoglobin (HPT), fibrinogen (FIB) as acute phase proteins (APPs), thiobarbituric acide reactant substrate (TBARs), myeloperoxidase (MPO) as reactive oxygen species, and transforming growth factor-beta (TGF-?) as a cytokine were measured with ELISA reader. In terms of time points, it was found that FIB was statistically higher in ERT group at the 1st h, in MET and LID groups at the 10th h, and in LID group at the 48th and in MET group at the 72 h (P < 0.05). It was found that SAA was higher in MET group at the 1st, 3rd, 5th, 10th, 24th, 48th and 72nd h. HPT was higher in CNTR group until 72th h and MET group at 48th, 72nd and 96th h. TBARs concentrations were statistically higher in MET and LID groups at 0 hour, in ERT and MET groups at the 1st h, in MET group at the 3rd h, in MET and LID groups at the 5th and 10th h, in MET group at the 48th, 72nd and 96th h (P < 0.05). MPO concentrations was higher in LID group at the 3rd, 5th, 10th and 96th h, and in ERT group at the 72nd h (P < 0.05). TGF-? concentrations were particularly high in MET group at the 3rd, 5th, 48th and 72nd h, and in LID group at the 10th, 24th, and 96th h (P < 0.05). Discussion: APPs (HPT, SAA, FIB), which are important regulators of inflammation in cows and sheep, were higher generally in MET and LID groups and inflammation persists in these two groups and, therefore, metoclopramide and lidocaine are less effective in early postoperative POI treatment. Because, significant increase in serum TBARs and MPO concentrations was considered as an important indicator of oxidative stress and inflammatory response MPO concentrations was particularly high until 10th h in LID group, and TBARs concentrations was high both MET and LID groups throughout the study, this was correlated with higher neutrophil infiltration in the postoperative early period than the other groups. It is known that TGF-?, an inflammatory cytokine, is correlated with various smooth muscle disorders in humans. In this study, TGF-? concentration were higher in the MET and LID groups. High concentration of this cytokine might have led to decrease contractions in smooth muscles, thereby slowing down the intestinal transition. In conclusion, based on the presence of pro-inflammatory markers in this study, erythromycin seems to be the most suitable prokinetic drug in lambs. Moreover, lidocaine and metoclopramide are not as successful in small ruminants as reported in other species.Öğe Development and validation of a high-performance liquid chromatography method for determination of cefquinome concentrations in sheep plasma and its application to pharmacokinetic studies(2011) Üney, Kamil; Altan, Feray; Elmas, MuammerCefquinome has a broad spectrum of antibacterial activity and was developed especially for use in animals. A simple and sensitive high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) method with UV-visible detection for quantification of cefquinome concentrations in sheep plasma was developed and validated. Separation of cefquinome from plasma components was achieved on a Phenomenex Gemini C 18 column (250 mm by 4.6 mm; internal diameter [i.d.], 5 μm). The mobile phase consisted of acetonitrile and 0.1% trifluoroacetic acid in water and was delivered at a rate of 0.9 ml/min. A simple and rapid sample preparation involved the addition of methanol to 200 μl of plasma to precipitate plasma proteins followed by direct injection of 50 μl of supernatant into the high-performance liquid chromatography system. The linearity range of the proposed method was 0.02 to 12 μg/ml. The intraday and interday coefficients of variation obtained from cefquinome were less than 5%, and biases ranged from -3.76% to 1.24%. Mean recovery based on low-, medium-, and high-quality control standards ranged between 92.0 and 93.9%. Plasma samples were found to be stable in various storage conditions (freeze-thaw, postpreparative, short-term, and long-term stability). The method described was found to be readily available, practicable, cheap, rapid, sensitive, precise, and accurate. It was successfully applied to the study of the pharmacokinetics of cefquinome in sheep. This method can be very useful and an alternate to performing pharmacokinetic studies in the determination of cefquinome for clinical use.Öğe Effect of benzylpenicillin on intravenous pharmacokinetics of acyclovir in red-eared slider turtles (Trachemys scripta elegans)(Wiley, 2020) Corum, Duygu D.; Corum, Orhan; Atik, Orkun; Faki, Hatice E.; Altan, Feray; Uney, KamilThe aim of this study was to determine the effect of benzylpenicillin on the pharmacokinetics of acyclovir in red-eared slider turtles (Trachemys scripta elegans). Six clinically healthy red-eared slider turtles weighing 400 and 580 g were used for the study. Acyclovir (40 mg/kg) and benzylpenicillin (30 mg/kg) were administered intravenously to turtles. In the study, the cross-pharmacokinetic design (2 x 2) with a 30-day washout period was performed in two periods. Plasma concentrations of acyclovir were assayed using the high-performance liquid chromatography with fluorescence detection. Pharmacokinetic parameters were calculated by two-compartment open pharmacokinetic model. Following the administration of acyclovir alone, elimination half-life (t(1/2)(beta)), area under the plasma concentration-time curve (AUC), total clearance (Cl-T), and volume of distribution at steady-state (V-dss) were 20.12 hr, 1,372 hr * mu g/mL, 0.03 L hr(-1) kg(-1), and 0.84 L/kg, respectively. Benzylpenicillin administration increased t(1/2)(beta), AUC, and V-dss while decreased Cl-T of acyclovir. These results showed that benzylpenicillin changed the pharmacokinetics of acyclovir following simultaneous administration in turtles. However, further research is needed to determine molecular mechanism of interaction in turtle.Öğe Effect of multiple-dose administration of cefquinome on hematological and biochemical parameters in horse(Dicle Üniversitesi Veteriner Fakültesi, 2019) Altan, Feray; Erol, Hanifi; Altan, Semih; Arıcan, Mustafa; Elmas, Muammer; Üney, KamilSefkuinomun (CFQ) çoklu doz uygulamalarının, atların hematolojik ve biyokimyasal profilleri üzerinde bir etkisi olup olmadığı bilinmemektedir. Bu çalışmanın amacı, atlarda çoklu artan CFQ dozlarının bazı hematolojik (WBC, LYM, MON, GRA, RBC, HB, HT, MCV, MCH, MCHC, RDW ve PLT) ve biyokimyasal parametreler üzerine (ALB, ALP, ALT, AST, CH, CR, GGT, LDH, TB, TP, TRIG ve BUN) etkisini belirlemektir. Araştırma 16 adet erişkin at (4.6 ± 2.1 yaş, 302 ± 38 kg) üzerinde gerçekleştirildi. Atlara damar içi olarak 7 gün boyunca her 12 saatte dört doz seviyesinde CFQ uygulandı: Grup I; 1 mg/kg, Grup II; 2 mg/kg, Grup III; 4 mg/kg, Grup IV; 6 mg/kg) uygulanan toplam 13 enjeksiyon gerçekleştirildi. Belirlenen hematolojik ve biyokimyasal parametreler ilaç uygulamasından önce (0 gün) ve ilk CFQ dozunun uygulanmasından 1, 3, 7 ve 14 gün sonra izlendi. Tedavi günlerinde gruplar arasında serum biyokimyasal parametrelerinde anlamlı bir fark bulunmadı (p> 0.05). Hematolojik parametrelerde (MONO, GRAN, RBC, HB, HCT, MCH ve PCT) doz grupları arasında referans değerler içinde anlamlı farklar bulundu (p <0.05). Bu sonuçlar, atlarda CFQ’un 6 mg/kg kadar çoklu doz uygulamalarının, değerlendirilen kan parametreleri üzerinde klinik olarak önemli bir etkisi olmadığını göstermektedir.Öğe The Effect of Progestagen on the Changes of the Vaginal Flora Arising from Intravaginal Sponge Treatment and Susceptibility of the Vaginal Flora to Antibiotics in Ewes(Medwell Online, 2008) Yesilmen, Simten; Ozyurtlu, Nihat; Kucukaslan, Ibrahim; Altan, FerayThe aim of this study, was to investigate the effect of progestagen on the changes of the vaginal bacterial flora with sponge treatment. Progestagen impregnated sponges (30 mg fluorogestone acetate). were inserted ewes (Group I, n = 12) for 12 days and, sponge without progeitagen (blank sponge), served as control groups (Group II, n = 12), were inserted ewes for 12 days during the non-breeding season. Vaginal bacterial counts were evaluated on the vaginal flora samples obtained before the introduction of the sponges, at sponge withdrawal and after 48 h from withdrawal of sponge. The mean value for the colony forming units (x 10(3) mL(-1)) were 6.1 and 4.5 on the day of intravaginal sponge insertion and increased to 113.5 and 139.8 at sponge withdrawal (p<0.05), decreased 7.9 and 43.3 after 48 h withdrawal of sponge in Group I and II, respectively (p<0.05). The changes of the vaginal bacterial flora were not different statistically at the time of sponge withdrawal in progestagen and non-progestagen sponge groups. Although, there were not differences between at the time of sponge introduction and withdrawal of sponge in 2 groups, it was found a difference after 48 h removal of sponges with progestagen and without progestagen treatments groups (P<0.05). Amoxicillin/Clavunate, Ampicillin, Oxacillin, Trimethoprim/Sulfamethoxazole 1/19 and Tetracycline were more resistance than the other antibiotics according to results of the antibiotic susceptibility test. Intravaginal sponge treatments increased bacterial counts, but this increase returned normal values at probable estrous time in progestagen impregnated sponge treatment. Number of vaginal bacteria did not return normal values in the non-progestagen sponge treatment group after 48 h removal of sponge, because of ewes in this group naturally could not come into estrus. In this study, it was concluded that progesterone did not affect the number of bacterial counts in the vaginal flora except for changes caused by intravaginal sponge treatment.Öğe Effects of drugs on kinetic values of cytokines, adenosine deaminase and 13,14-dihydro-15-keto-prostaglandin $F_{2alpha}$ in endotoxemia: A different approach(2010) Elmas, Muammer; Er, Ayşe; Traş, Bünyamin; Üney, Kamil; Çetin, Gül; Altan, Feray; Yazar, EnverAltan F, Elmas M, Er A, Üney K, Çetin G, Traş B, Yazar E. Endotoksemide ilaçların sitokinler, adenozin deaminaz ve 13,14-dihidro-15-keto-prostaglandin F_{2alpha'nın kinetik değerlerine etkisi: Farklı bir yaklaşım. Eurasian J Vet Sci, 2010, 26, 1, 15-19 Amaç: Lipopolisakkaritle (LPS) oluşturulan deneysel endotoksemide sitokinler, adenozin deaminaz (ADA) ve 13,14-dihidro-15-keto-prostaglandin $F_{2alpha}$ (PGM)’nın kinetik değerlerine tek başlarına ve/veya kombine uygulanan enrofloksasin (ENR), fluniksin meglumin (FM) ve deksametazonun (DEX) etkilerini belirlemektir. Gereç ve Yöntem: Araştırmada kullanılan ratlar 7 gruba ayrıldı. Deneysel endotoksemi oluşturmak için pozitif kontrol grubu dahil bütün gruplara LPS uygulandı. Diğer altı gruba ENR, FM, düşük doz DEX, yüksek doz DEX, ENR+FM+düşük doz DEX ve ENR+FM+yüksek doz DEX uygulandı. Uygulama sonrası 0, 1, 2, 4, 6, 8, 12, 24 ve 48. saatlerde kan örnekleri toplandı. Tümör nekroz faktör alfa ($TNF_{alpha}$), interlökin-6 (IL- 6), interlökin-10 (IL-10), ADA ve PGM düzeyleri ELISA ile belirlendi. Eğri altında kalan alan ($EAA_{0-48}$) farmakokinetik programla, plazma veya serum maksimum konsantrasyon ($C_{max}$) ile maksimum konsantrasyona ulaşma zamanı ($t_{max}$) direk bakı yöntemiyle belirlendi. Bulgular: Pozitif kontrol (LPS) grubuyla kıyaslandığında $EAA_{0-48}$ değerlerinin; ENR grubunda PGM için artarken (p<0.05), IL-6, IL-10 ve ADA için azaldığı (p<0.05); FM grubunda IL-6 ve ADA’ya özgü olarak küçüldüğü (p<0.05); DEX tek başına veya kombine uygulandığı gruplarda da azaldığı (p<0.05) belirlendi. Öneri: Farklı örnekleme zamanlarında çok sayıda ölçülen aynı endotoksemi belirteçlerinin toplu değerlendirilmesinde kinetik parametrelerden özellikle EAA’nin farklı ve akılcı bir yaklaşım olarak dikkate alınabileceği kanaatine varıldı.Öğe Effects of enrofloxacin, flunixin and dexamethasone on indicators of oxidative and organ damage in lipopolysaccharide-induced endotoxemia(2010) Er, Ayşe; Altan, Feray; Çetin, Gül; Üney, Kamil; Traş, Binyamin; Elmas, Muammer; Yazar, TinverThe aim of this study was to determine the effects of enrofloxacin, flunixm meglumme and dexamethasone on antioxidant status and markers of organ damage in endotoxemia. Rats were divided into four groups. The groups received the following drugs (simultaneously with lipopolysaccharide): enrofloxacin, flunixin meglumine, low-dose dexamethasone or high-dose dexamethasone, respectively. After the treatments, serum and plasma samples were collected at 1, 2, 4, 6, 8, 12, 24 and 48 h. The levels of malondialdehyde, nitric oxide, superoxide dismutase, vitamin C and 13,14-dihydro-15-keto-prostaglandin F2a were determined with ELISA. The cardiac, hepatic and renal damage markers were measured with autoanalyzer. Elevated levels of malondialdehyde were relatively inhibited by high-dose dexamethasone. Increases in the levels of nitric oxide were inhibited by low and high-dose dexamethasone while increases in the level of 13,14-dihydro-15-keto prostaglandin F2n were inhibited by all treatments except enrofloxacin. No treatments inhibited the decrease in vitamin C levels. Cardiac andhepatic damage was not inhibited completely whereas renal damage was inhibited by treatment with low or high-dose dexamethasone. The results show that although low-dose dexamethasone had antioxidant activity and protected against organ damage, high-dose dexamethasone may be more beneficial in the treatment of endotoxemia.Öğe The effects of Mannheimia haemolytica and albendazole on marbofloxacin pharmacokinetics in lambs(Springer, 2019) Altan, Feray; Ipek, Duygu Neval Sayin; Corum, Orhan; Alp, Simten Yesilmen; Ipek, Polat; Uney, KamilThe study aimed to define the effects of M. haemolytica and a single oral dose of albendazole on the single-dose pharmacokinetics of marbofloxacin in lambs. The pharmacokinetic-pharmacodynamic integration of marbofloxacin was applied to describe a 3 mg/kg intramuscular dose in lambs. The 6 healthy and 12 naturally infected with M. haemolytica lambs (Akkaraman, males weighing 10-15 kg and aged 2-3 months) were used in this study. In the marbofloxacin group, 6 healthy lambs received marbofloxacin. In the albendazole group after 2 weeks washout period, the same animals received marbofloxacin on 1 h after albendazole. In the diseased marbofloxacin group, 6 lambs naturally infected with M. haemolytica received marbofloxacin. In the diseased albendazole group, 6 lambs naturally infected with M. haemolytica received marbofloxacin on 1 h after albendazole. The marbofloxacin and albendazole were administered each as a single dose of 3 mg/kg intramuscular and 7.5 mg/kg oral, respectively, in the respective groups. Plasma concentration of marbofloxacin was measured with HPLC-UV and pharmacokinetic parameters were analyzed by non-compartmental model. Albendazole did not change the pharmacokinetic profiles of marbofloxacin in healthy and diseased lambs. However, M. haemolytica affected the pharmacokinetics of marbofloxacin in diseased lambs, AUC(0-24)/MIC90 ratio was not found to be higher than 125, but C-max/MIC90 ratios was found to be higher than 10 for an MIC value of 0.25 mu g/mL in all groups. The marbofloxacin dose described in this study may not be effective for the treatment of infections due to M. haemolytica in lambs, with MIC <= 0.25 mu g/mL.Öğe The effects of three different prokinetic drugs on the motility hormones level in lambs with postoperative ileus(TUBITAK, 2018) Altan, Semih; Dönmez, Kaan; Altan, Feray; Alkan, FahrettinThe aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of the three different prokinetic agents, namely erythromycin, lidocaine, and metoclopramide in lambs with postoperative ileus (POI) using motilin and ghrelin, which are known as motility markers. Twenty lambs were allocated to 4 groups of 5 lambs each. An enterotomy was performed on the ileum of each lamb. Erythromycin (8.8 mg/ kg), metoclopramide (0.2 mg/kg), and saline (2 mL) were administered as single dose IM before surgery in the ERT, MET, and CNTR groups, respectively. Lidocaine was administered to the LID group, both as a bolus before (1.3 mg/kg IV) and as a continuous rate infusion during surgery (0.05 mg/kg/h IV). Serum motilin and ghrelin concentrations as motility hormones were measured with ELISA. The serum motilin concentration was significantly higher at 0, 1, 3, 5, 10, 24, and 48 h in the ERT group and at 1 and 10 h in the LID group. The serum ghrelin concentration was significantly higher at 0, 1, and 48 h in the ERT group and at 3, 5, 10, 24, and 48 h in the LID group. As a result, erythromycin and lidocaine was thought to be useful in lambs with POI according to the stimulatory effects on the motility hormones.Öğe EFFECTS OF TYLOSIN ON SERUM CYTOKINE LEVELS IN HEALTHY AND LIPOPOLYSACCHARIDE-TREATED MICE(Akademiai Kiado Zrt, 2010) Er, Ayse; Yazar, Enver; Uney, Kamil; Elmas, Muammer; Altan, Feray; Cetin, GulThe effects of different doses of tylosin on serum cytokine concentrations were investigated in healthy and lipopolysaccharide-treated mice. The mice were divided into seven groups. Lipopolysaccharide (LPS) was injected into the positive control group. The other six groups received three different tylosin doses concurrently without or with LPS: 10 mg/kg, 100 mg/kg, 500 mg/kg, 10 mg/kg + LPS, 100 mg/kg + LPS and 500 mg/kg + LPS. After treatment, serum samples were collected at 0, 1, 2, 3, 6, 12 and 24 hours. Serum tumour necrosis factor alpha (TNF alpha), interleukin 1 beta (IL1 beta) and IL10 levels were determined by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Tylosin doses of 10 and 100 mg/kg induced no cytokine production in the healthy mice. Tylosin at 500 mg/kg had no effect on TNF alpha or IL1 beta production, but it induced IL10 production in healthy mice. All doses of tylosin reduced the elevated TNF alpha and IL1 beta in LPS-treated mice but increased their IL10 levels. In conclusion, these data suggest that tylosin has an immunomodulatory effect at the dose recommended for use against infection.Öğe Etanersept - endotoksemi tedavisinde kullanılabilir mi?(Kafkas Üniversitesi Veteriner Fakültesi, 2013) Er, Ayşe; Dik, Burak; Çetin, Gül; Altan, Feray; Üney, Kamil; Elmas, Muammer; Yazar, EnverAraştırmanın amacı endotoksemide etanersept uygulamasının kan sitokinler, fibrinojen, antitrombin, 13,14-dihidro-15-keto prostaglandin F2α ve biyokimyasal parametrelere etkisini araştırmaktır. Erişkin 126 adet Sprague Dawley ırkı erkek rat 3 gruba ayrılarak; 1. Gruba lipopolisakkarit (4 mg, IP), 2. Gruba etanersept (8 mg/kg, IP) ve 3. Gruba lipopolisakkarit + etanersept uygulamaları yapıldı. Uygulamalardan sonra 0., 1., 2., 4., 8., 12. ve 24. saatlerde kan örnekleri alındı. Serum tümör nekrozis faktör-α, interlöykin-1β, interlöykin-10 ve plazma 13,14-dihidro-15-keto-prostaglandin F2α düzeyleri ELISA okuyucusunda; sitratlı plazma antitrombin ve fibrinojen düzeyleri koagulometrede; serum biyokimyasal parametreleri otoanalizörde belirlendi. Etanerseptin fibrinojen düzeyinde düzensiz değişimlere ve 13,14-dihidro15-keto-prostaglandin F2α, alkalen fosfataz ile alanin aminotransferaz düzeyinde yükselmelere neden olduğu belirlendi. Lipopolisakkarit uygulaması sitokinler, 13,14-dihidro-15-keto-prostaglandin F2α, fibrinojen, organ hasar belirteçleri ve trigliserit düzeylerinde yükselmelere neden olurken, antitrombin seviyesinde düzensiz değişimlere neden oldu. Lipopolisakkarit + etanersept uygulanan grupta sitokinler, 13,14-dihidro-15-keto-prostaglandin F2α ve fibrinojen düzeyinde yükselmeler, antirombin düzeyinde düzensiz değişimler gözlendi. Lipopolisakkarit uygulaması ile yükselen kreatin kinaz-MB düzeyinin etanersept tarafından tamamen, tümör nekrozis faktör-α yükselmesinin kısmen engellendiği ancak kanda kalış süresini uzattığı ve interlöykin-10 düzeyini daha fazla yükselttiği belirlendi. Sonuç olarak endotoksemide etanerseptin kalp üzerindeki koruyucu etkisi ve interlöykin-10 düzeyini yükseltmesi nedeni ile tek doz uygulamasının veteriner sahada faydalı olabileceği belirlendi.Öğe Farklı dozlardaki marbofloksasinin koyunlarda biyokimyasal ve hematolojik parametreler üzerine etkileri(2018) Altan, Feray; Üney, Kamil; Çorum, Orhan; Çorum, Duygu DurnaAmaç: Mevcut araştırmada sağlıklı koyunlarda kas içi farklıdozlarda marbofloksasin uygulamasının biyokimyasal ve hematolojikparametreler üzerine etkisinin belirlenmesi amaçlandı.Gereç ve Yöntem: Çalışma, paralel dizayna göre dört doz grubundaayrılan 24 adet sağlıklı erkek, 2-5 yaştaki Akkaramankoç üzerinde gerçekleştirildi. Herbir doz grubunda 6 adet hayvanbulunmaktadır. Her gruptaki altı hayvana, semitendinoz kasbölgesinden sırasıyla 2, 4, 6 ve 10 mg/kg tek doz seviyelerindemarbofloksasin enjekte edildi. Kan örnekleri sol vena jugulariseyerleştirilen kataterler kullanılarak ilaç uygulanmadan önce(0.saat, kontrol) ve sonraki 10. ve 22. saatlerde alındı. Biyokimyasalparametrelerden albumin, alkalin fosfataz, alanin aminotransferaz,aspartat aminotransferaz, kolesterol, trigliserid, totalprotein, kan üre nitrojen, kreatinin ve gamma-glutamil transferazdeğerleri otoanalizör cihazında belirlendi. Hematolojikparametrelerden beyaz kan hücreleri, kırmızı kan hücreleri,hemoglobin, hematokrit, platelet değerleri kan hücresi sayımcihazında ölçüldü.Bulgular: Gruplar arasında hematolojik ve serum biyokimyasalparametrelerinde anlamlı bir fark bulunamadı.Öneri: Bu sonuçlar koyunlarda tek doz kas içi uygulanmasındansonra 10 mg/kg'a kadar tek bir intramüsküler enjeksiyondansonra marbofloksasinin hematolojik ve biyokimyasal parametrelerüzerinde klinik olarak anlamlı bir etkisinin olmadığınıgöstermektedir.Öğe Intravenous pharmacokinetics of moxifloxacin following simultaneous administration with flunixin meglumine or diclofenac in sheep(Wiley, 2020) Altan, Feray; Corum, Orhan; Yildiz, Ramazan; Faki, Hatice Eser; Ider, Merve; Ok, Mahmut; Uney, KamilIn this study, the pharmacokinetics of moxifloxacin (5 mg/kg) was determined following a single intravenous administration of moxifloxacin alone and co-administration with diclofenac (2.5 mg/kg) or flunixin meglumine (2.2 mg/kg) in sheep. Six healthy Akkaraman sheep (2 +/- 0.3 years and 53.5 +/- 5 kg of body weight) were used. A longitudinal design with a 15-day washout period was used in three periods. In the first period, moxifloxacin was administered by an intravenous (IV) injection. In the second and third periods, moxifloxacin was co-administered with IV administration of diclofenac and flunixin meglumine, respectively. The plasma concentration of moxifloxacin was assayed by high-performance liquid chromatography. The pharmacokinetic parameters were calculated using a two-compartment open pharmacokinetic model. Following IV administration of moxifloxacin alone, the mean elimination half-life (t(1/2 beta)), total body clearance (Cl-T), volume of distribution at steady state (V-dss) and area under the curve (AUC) of moxifloxacin were 2.27 hr, 0.56 L h(-1) kg(-1), 1.66 L/kg and 8.91 hr*mu g/ml, respectively. While diclofenac and flunixin meglumine significantly increased the t(1/2 beta) and AUC of moxifloxacin, they significantly reduced the Cl-T and V-dss. These results suggest that anti-inflammatory drugs could increase the therapeutic efficacy of moxifloxacin by altering its pharmacokinetics.Öğe Pharmacokinetics and bioavailability of cefquinome and ceftriaxone in premature calves(Wiley, 2019) Corum, Orhan; Yildiz, Ramazan; Ider, Merve; Altan, Feray; Ok, Mahmut; Uney, KamilThe aim of this study was to evaluate the pharmacokinetics and bioavailability of cefquinome (CFQ) and ceftriaxone (CTX) following intravenous (IV) and intramuscular (IM) administrations in premature calves. Using a parallel design, 24 premature calves were randomly divided into the two antibiotic groups. Each of the six animals in the first group received CFQ (2 mg/kg) through IV or IM administration. The second group received CTX (20 mg/kg) via the same administration route. Plasma concentrations of the drugs were analyzed by high-performance liquid chromatography and noncompartmental methods. Mean pharmacokinetic parameters of CFQ and CTX following IV administration were as follows: elimination half-life (t(1/2 lambda z)) 1.85 and 3.31 hr, area under the plasma concentration-time curve (AUC(0-infinity)) 15.74 and 174 hr * mu g/ml, volume of distribution at steady-state 0.37 and 0.45 L/kg, and total body clearance 0.13 and 0.12 L hr(-1) kg(-1), respectively. Mean pharmacokinetic parameters of CFQ and CTX after IM injection were as follows: peak concentration 4.56 and 25.04 mu g/ml, time to reach peak concentration 1 and 1.5 hr, t(1/2 lambda z) 4.74 and 3.62 hr, and AUC(0-infinity) 22.75 and 147 hr * mu g/ml, respectively. The bioavailability of CFQ and CTX after IM injection was 141% and 79%, respectively. IM administration of CFQ (2 mg/kg) and CTX (20 mg/kg) can be recommended at 12-hr interval for treating infections caused by susceptible bacteria, with minimum inhibitory concentration values of <= 0.5 and <= 4 mu g/ml, respectively, in premature calves. However, further research is indicated to assess the pharmacokinetic parameters following multiple doses of the drug in premature calves.Öğe Pharmacokinetics and bioavailability of danofloxacin in chukar partridge (Alectoris chukar) following intravenous, intramuscular, subcutaneous, and oral administrations(Wiley, 2019) Corum, Orhan; Corum, Duygu Durna; Atik, Orkun; Faki, Hatice Eser; Altan, Feray; Uney, KamilThe aim of the present study was to determine the pharmacokinetics (PKs) and bioavailability of danofloxacin in chukar partridge (Alectoris chukar) following intravenous (IV), intramuscular (IM), subcutaneous (SC), and oral (PO) administrations at a dose of 10 mg/kg. A total of eight clinically healthy chukar partridges weighing 480 +/- 45 g were used for the investigation. The study was performed in a crossover design (2 x 2 x 2 x 2) with a 15-day washout period between two administrations in four periods. The plasma concentrations of danofloxacin were determined using reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatography. Noncompartmental PK parameters were also estimated. No local or systemic adverse drug effects were observed in any of the chukar partridges. The mean elimination half-life ranged between 8.18 and 12.08 hr and differed statistically among administration routes. The mean peak plasma concentrations of danofloxacin following IM, SC, and PO administrations were 8.05, 9.58, and 3.39 mu g/ml at 0.5, 1, and 4 hr, respectively. Following IM, SC, and PO administrations, the mean bioavailability was 86.33%, 134.40%, and 47.62%, respectively. The mean total clearance and volume of distribution at steady-state following IV administration were 0.13 L hr(-1) kg(-1) and 0.96 L/kg, respectively. These data, including favorable PKs and the absence of adverse drug effects, suggest that danofloxacin is a useful antibiotic in chukar partridges.Öğe Pharmacokinetics and bioavailability of marbofloxacin in lambs following administration of intravenous, intramuscular and subcutaneous(Elsevier Science Bv, 2018) Altan, Feray; Corum, Orhan; Corum, Duygu Durna; Atik, Orkun; Uney, KamilIn this study, the pharmacokinetic disposition and bioavailability of marbofloxacin (MB) were determined in lambs after single intravenous (IV), intramuscular (IM), and subcutaneous (SC) administrations at a dose of 3 mg/kg. The plasma concentration of MB was measured using high-performance liquid chromatography-UV, and the pharmacokinetic parameters were analyzed using a non-compartmental analysis. Following IV, IM, and SC administrations, the mean terminal half-life (t(1/2 lambda z)) was 11.48, 12.64, and 24.86 h, respectively, and the mean residence time (MRT) was 7.27, 7.81, and 10.11 h, respectively. The bioavailability (F) was 96.01 and 126.39%, after IM and SC administration, respectively. This study showed that SC administration of MB at a dose of 3 mg/kg exhibited flip-flop pharmacokinetics in lambs. These results suggested that MB could be useful in the treatment of severe systemic infections, such as those with M. haemolytica (MIC = 0.035 mu g/mL), in lambs since high AUC(0.24)/MIC and C-max/MIC ratios were achieved after IV and IM administration at 3 mg/kg. However, MB administration (3 mg/kg) via the IV, IM, and SC routes might not be effective in the treatment of respiratory infections caused by organisms with MIC90 value in lambs.Öğe Pharmacokinetics of ceftiofur in healthy and lipopolysaccharide-induced endotoxemic newborn calves treated with single and combined therapy(Japan Soc Vet Sci, 2017) Altan, Feray; Uney, Kamil; Er, Ayse; Cetin, Gul; Dik, Burak; Yazar, Enver; Elmas, MuammerThe aim of this research was to compare plasma pharmacokinetics of ceftiofur sodium (CS) in healthy calves, and in calves with experimentally induced endotoxemia. Six calves received CS (2.2 mg/kg, IM) 2 hr after intravenous administration of 0.9% NaCl (Ceft group). After a washout period, the same 6 calves received CS 2 hr after intravenous injection of lipopolysaccharide (LPS+Ceft group). Another group of 6 calves received a combination of drug therapies that included CS 2 hr after administration of 0.9% NaCl (Comb group). A third group of 6 calves received the same combination therapy regimen 2 hr after intravenous injection of lipopolysaccharide (LPS+Comb group). Plasma concentrations of CS and all desfuroylceftiofurrelated metabolites were determined using HPLC, and its pharmacokinetic properties were determined based on a two-compartment model. The peak concentration of CS in the LPS+Comb group occurred the earliest, and the clearance rate of CS was the highest in the Comb and LPS+ Comb groups (P < 0.05). The elimination half-life of CS in the LPS+Ceft group was longer than that in the Ceft and Comb groups (P < 0.05). The results of this study indicate that combined therapies and endotoxemic status may alter the plasma pharmacokinetics of CS in calves.
