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Öğe Angiogenic and anti-angiogenic factors during the post-hatching growth of the quail (Coturnix coturnix japonica) spleen(Wiley, 2024) Bayram, Bayram; Liman, Narin; Alan, Emel; Sağsöz, Hakan; 0000-0002-5738-918X; 0000-0001-5489-2719; 0000-0002-5456-697X; 0000-0003-4990-3991Vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) family members are responsible for endothelial cells' growth, proliferation, migration, angiogenesis, vascular permeability, and differentiation and proliferation of non-endothelial cell types. VEGF and its receptors are found in mammalian lymphoid organs. The present study was conceived to determine (a) the presence and localization of angiogenic VEGF and its receptors (Fms-like tyrosine kinase 1 [Flt1/fms], fetal liver kinase 1 [Flk1]/kinase insert domain receptor [KDR], Fms-like tyrosine kinase 4 [Flt4]) and vascular endothelial growth inhibitor (VEGI) in the quail spleen; and (b) whether their expressions in the spleen components change during the post-hatching growth of the organ, using immunohistochemistry. Immunohistochemical stainings showed that VEGI, VEGF, and VEGF receptors were expressed in many components, including the vascular endothelial and smooth muscle cells, ellipsoid-associated cells (EACs), and immune cells, of quail spleen and that VEGF and its receptors' immunostaining intensity scores (ISs) varied depending on the post-hatching growth period, while VEGI-IS did not change. In addition, ISs of VEGI, VEGF, Flt1/fms, and Flt4 in EACs were weak to moderate, while flk1/KDR-IS in EACs adjacent to the capsule of Schweigger-Seidel sheaths (ellipsoids) was higher than other proteins, supports a more important and specific role of Flk1/KDR in the EAC function. These specific expressions of VEGI, VEGF, flt1/fms, flk1/KDR, and flt4 proteins in splenic cell types suggest their particular roles, in the functional development of splenic components and thus, are critical to post-hatching maturation of quail spleen. These findings indicate that the expression levels of VEGF, Flt1/fms, and Flt4, except Flk1/KDR, are low in the quail spleen, and only a few components of the spleen express VEGF, Flt1/fms, and Flt4 under normal conditions.Öğe Epidermal growth factor receptors and their ligands are expressed in the spleen of the Japanese Quail (Coturnix coturnix japonica) during the post-hatch period(Taylor and Francis Ltd., 2023) Alan, Emel; Liman, Narin; Sağsöz, Hakan1. The epidermal growth factor (EGF) family plays an important role in the development, differentiation, migration and apoptosis of cells, as well as in wound healing, which are all essential to the viability of multicellular organisms. The avian spleen is a principal organ of systemic immunity and its importance in disease resistance is presumably accentuated by the scarcity of avian lymph nodes. 2. The aim of this study was to determine whether EGF receptors (ErbB1-4) and their ligands (EGF, AREG and NRG) are expressed in the structural components of the quail spleen during the post-hatch period. At each selected age, from 1 d to 7, 14, 21 and 60 d, 10 quails were euthanised under ether anaesthesia and their spleens were fixed in a 10% formaldehyde-alcohol solution. Following routine histological processing, the streptavidin-biotin-peroxidase method was used for immunohistochemical examination. 3. Strong cytoplasmic immunoreactions for ErbB2, ErbB4 and NRG were observed in the ellipsoid associated cells (EAC) of the quail spleen throughout the post-hatch period. This immunoreactivity in the EAC increased after the 7th d post-hatch. ErbB1 and ErbB3 immunoreactions were relatively similar and weak in all components of the spleen during the post-hatch period. Some immune cells of the peri-arterial lymphatic sheath (PALS) and peri-ellipsoidal lymphatic sheath (PELS) showed positive immunoreactivity for the ErbB receptors and their ligands. In the vascular smooth muscle cells, immunoreactivity for ErbB2 was stronger than that for the other ErbB receptors and their ligands. 4. The data showed that ErbB receptors and their ligands (EGF, AREG and NRG) are expressed by different structural components of the quail spleen during the post-hatch period.Öğe Expression of cadherins and some connective tissue components in cow uterus and placenta during pregnancy(Elsevier Sci Ltd, 2022) Sagsoz, Hakan; Liman, Narin; Akbalik, M. Erdem; Alan, Emel; Saruhan, Berna Guney; Ketani, M. Aydin; Erdog, SerkanThe implantation and placental development processes are regulated with cell adhesion molecules and remod-eling of the maternal endometrium's extracellular matrices (ECM) and fetal chorion. This study aimed to investigate the distribution and localization of some classical cadherins (E-, N-, and P-cadherins) and extracel-lular matrix components collagen type 5 alpha 1, fibronectin, and laminin in the cow placentomes during pregnancy using immunohistochemical and Western blotting analyses. The study results confirmed the expression of E- and P-cadherins, collagen type V alpha 1 (COLV alpha 1), fibronectin, and laminin in the cow placentomes, but not N-cadherin. Throughout the pregnancy, E-and P-cadherins, COLV alpha 1, and laminin were localized in the luminal and glan-dular epithelium of the inter-caruncular endometrium, caruncular epithelium, and the uninucleate (UNCs) and binucleate trophoblast giant cells (BNCs/TGCs). E- cadherin immunoreactivity in the first pregnancy period was strong in the UNCs while moderate in the BNCs/TGCs. However, it was weak in both trophoblast in the second and third pregnancy periods. In the fetal trophoblasts, P-cadherin and laminin immunostainings were more intense in the BNCs/TGCs than UNCs. The fetal and maternal stromal cells were also positive for P-cadherin, COLV alpha 1, fibronectin, and laminin. The immunostaining intensity of COLV alpha 1 and fibronectin in the stromal extracellular matrix of the placentomes decreased as the pregnancy progressed. The endothelia of fetal and maternal vessels were positive for all proteins. The presence and distinct localization of cadherins and ECM proteins in the cow placentome components support the role of these molecules in regulating placental cell growth, migration, and matrix production during pregnancy.Öğe Gebelik Süresince İnek Uterus ve Plasentasında Kaderinler ve Bazı Bağdoku Elemanlarının Dağılımı(2018) Sağsöz, Hakan; Erdoğan, Serkan; Saruhan, Berna Güney; Akbalık, Mehmet Erdem; Liman, Narin; Ketani, Muzaffer Aydın; Alan, EmelHücre adezyon molekülleri (Cell adhesion molecules-CAM), bir hücrenin baska bir hücre ile ya da ekstrasellüler matriksle iliskisini saglayan membran bagımlı (transmembranöz) proteinlerdir. Ekstrasellüler matriks ise fibröz proteinler ve glikozaminoglikanlardan olusur ve farklı kompozisyonu nedeniyle, destekleme, hücreler arası iletisim ve hücre dinamiginin düzenlenmesi gibi pek çok isleve sahiptir. Plasenta ekstrasellüler matriks proteinlerinden zengin bir doku olup, normal plasental gelisim ve bariyer fonksiyonu için hücre adezyon molekülleri ve ekstrasellüler matrix proteinleri gerekli moleküllerdir. Bu çalısma, ineklerde plasentada gebelik süresince hücre adezyon moleküllerinden biri olan kaderinler (E-, P-, V-,Nkaderinler) ile bazı ekstrasellüler matriks komponentlerinin (laminin, fibronektin, tip V kollagen) lokalizasyonları ile ekspresyonlarındaki olası degisimleri ortaya koymak için yapıldı. Bu çalısmada toplam 40 adet gebe Holstein inek uterusu kullanıldı. Uteruslar Diyarbakır?da bulunan özel kesimhanelerden temin edildi. Uterusların gebeligin hangi dönemine ait oldugunu belirlemek amacıyla tasımıs oldugu fötusların yasları hesaplandı. Doku örnekleri gebe kornunun plasentomal ve interplasentomal olmak üzere iki farklı bölgesinden alındı ve %10 nötral formalin solüsyonunda 24 saat tespit edildi. Rutin histolojik islemleri takiben de parafinde bloklandı. Hazırlanan parafin bloklarından, 5 mikrometre kalınlıgında seri kesitler alındı ve çalısmada belirtilen faktörlere iliskin uygun antikorlar kullanılarak immunohistokimyasal yöntemle boyandı. Western Blot için ise dokular alındı ve -84ºC?de islem yapılana kadar muhafaza edildi. Gebelik süresince, plasentanın yapısına katılan maternal epitel ve fötal trofoblastlarda E- ve P-kaderinin güçlü bir sekilde ekspresse oldugu, N-kaderinin fötal mezensimal hücrelerde, VE-kaderinin ise plasental damarların endotel ve düz kas hücrelerinde lokalize oldugu belirlendi. Fibronektinin, özellikle maternal stromal hücreler ve fötal mezensimal hücrelerde bulundugu, laminin ve kollajen tip V?in ise ekstraselüler matriks, maternal epitel ve fötal trofoblastlarda daha baskın oldugu ortaya konulmustur. Sonuç olarak, ineklerde gebeligin farklı dönemlerinde plasentanın föto-maternal bölümü ile interplasentomal bölgedeki uterus mukozasından kaderinlerin (E-, P-, N- ve VEkaderin) ve bazı bagdoku komponentlerinin (laminin, fibronektin ve kollajen tip V) degisik oranlarda lokalize olması, diger memeli türlerinde oldugu gibi plasental gelisimde ve gebeligin devamlılıgında bu faktörlerin ineklerde de önemli oldugunu göstermistir.Öğe Immunohistochemical localization of epidermal growth factor system in the lung of the Japanese quail (Coturnix coturnix japonica) during the post-hatching period(Wiley, 2015) Alan, Emel; Liman, Narin; Sağsöz, HakanThe purpose of this study is to determine the possible changes in the localization of the four Epidermal Growth Factor Receptors and three ligands in quail lungs from the first day of hatching until the 125th after hatching using immunohistochemical methods. Immunohistochemical results demonstrated that four EGFRs and their ligands are chiefly located in the cytoplasm of cells. Additionally, ErbB4, AREG, and NRG1 are localized to the nucleus and nucleolus, but EGF is present in the nucleolus. ErbB2 was also found in the cell membrane. In the epithelium of secondary bronchi, the goblet cells only exhibited ErbB1 and ErbB2, whereas the basal and ciliated cells exhibited EGFRs and ligands immunoreactivity. The atrial granular cells displayed moderate levels of ErbB1-ErbB3 and EGF and strong levels of ErbB4, AREG, and NRG1 immunoreactivity. While the squamous atrial cells and squamous respiratory cells of air capillaries and endothelial cells of blood capillaries exhibited moderate to strong ErbB2, ErbB4, AREG, and NRG1 immunoreactivity, they had negative or weak ErbB1, ErbB3, and EGF immunoreactivity. The expression levels of ErbB2-ErbB4, EGF, AREG, and NRG1 were also detected in fibroblasts. Although ErbB2 was highly expressed in the bronchial and vascular smooth muscle cells, weak expression of ErbB1, ErbB3, AREG and EGF and moderate expression of ErbB4 and NRG1 were observed. Macrophages were only negative for ErbB1. In conclusion, these data indicate that the EGFR-system is functionally active at hatching, which supports the hypothesis that the members of EGFR-system play several cell-specific roles in quail lung growth after hatching.Öğe Physiological roles of the angiogenic factors during posthatching development period and adults in the quail lung(Wiley, 2016) Sagsoz, Hakan; Liman, Narin; Alan, EmelThe bronchus and vasculature form an intrinsic functional component of the avian lung, and its growth must be tightly regulated and coordinated by lung epithelial and endothelial development. Vascular endothelial growth inhibitor (VEGI), vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) and its receptors (flk1/KDR, flt1/fms, flt4) are required for epithelial and endothelial cell survival and apoptosis. Especially, VEGF and its receptors are critical for the development of the lung and serve as a maintenance factor during adult life. To determine the function of VEGI, VEGF and its receptors in the posthatching lung development, we revealed its expression and localization using by immunohistochemical procedure. VEGI, VEGF and its receptors were observed in the structural components of the bronchi, atria and air capillaries, as well as in the pulmonary blood vessels throughout the posthatching development period. On the other hand, immunostaining for VEGI, VEGF and its receptors was faintly detected in the glands of the secondary bronchi. Furthermore, it was determined that the secondary bronchial and atrial muscles did not display VEGF immunoreactions. Our results showed that VEGF and its receptors (flt1/fms, flk1/KDR and flt4) and VEGI were expressed at varying intensity by different cell groups. Therefore, they are also required for the development of the lung component during posthatching period.Öğe The profile of the epidermal growth factor system in rat endometrium during postpartum involution period(Springer, 2015) Alan, Emel; Liman, Narin; Sagsoz, HakanThe epidermal growth factor (EGF) plays a crucial role in the control of uterine cell proliferation, growth and differentiation. This study was designed to investigate the spatiotemporal expression pattern and localization of the EGF receptor/ligand system during the process of uterine involution using immunohistochemistry. Our results indicated that the expression of the ErbB/HER receptors and their ligands varied with structural changes in the uterus at different days of involution. Supranuclear punctate ErbB1 immunostaining was observed in the luminal and glandular epithelial cells and endometrial fibroblasts. Moderate ErbB2/HER2 immunoreactivity was observed in the lateral membrane and cytoplasm of the epithelial cells on the 1st, 3rd and 5th days and was decreased on the other days of involution. The amount of nuclear and cytoplasmic ErbB3/HER3 and ErbB4/HER4 immunostaining remained constant throughout the postpartum period. The EGF immunoreaction was weak in the luminal and glandular epithelium throughout the involution period. Although the cytoplasmic AREG immunoreactivity in the glandular epithelium was stronger on the 1st and 3rd days compared with the other days of involution, NRG1 immunostaining was weak on the 1st and 3rd days and was moderate in the apical cytoplasm on the 10th and 15th days of involution. The macrophages displayed strong cytoplasmic immunoreactivity for ErbB3/HER3, ErbB4/HER4, EGF, AREG and NRG. Strong, moderate and weak immunostaining for ErbB2/HER2, ErbB4/HER4 and other proteins (ErbB1, ErbB3, AREG and NRG), respectively, was present in the myometrial smooth muscle cells. These findings support the hypothesis that the EGFsystem plays a role in the development of various physiological changes associated with uterine involution.Öğe Tarantula cubensis extract and low-level laser therapy: A histopathological, radiological and serological analysis of bone repair on an experimental bone defect model(Kafkas Üniversitesi Veteriner Fakültesi, 2023) Altan, Semih; Sağsöz, Hakan; Kanay, Berna Ersöz; Altan, Feray; Alan, Emel; Çevik, RemziIn this study, it was aimed to investigate the effects of tarantula cubensis extract (TCE) and low-level laser therapy (LLLT) on cancellous and cortical bone repair. A circular unicortical bone defect was created on both the cancellous and cortical regions of the tibia of each subject. The subjects, totaling 54 mature New Zealand rabbits, were randomly allocated into three groups (n:18 each): control, LLLT (Galium-aliminum-arsenide laser at a wavelength of 780 nm and 4 J/cm 2, 5 min/day) and TCE (1 μg/kg) groups. Relative optic density (ROD) level was higher in the TCE group than the control group on day 28 as radiological (P<0.05). In both cancellous and cortical bone, inflammatory cell densities were less on the 14 and 21st day in the TCE and LLLT groups, bone tissue formation and qualities were higher 7 and 14th days in TCE and LLLT and collagen maturation were higher 28th day in the TCE group as histopathological (P<0.05). In this study, TCE accelerates bone repair as much as LLLT and more than the control group. In conclusion, that TCE is an effective, easier to apply and more economical supportive treatment in bone defects like LLLT.Öğe Tavşanlarda Tarantula Cubensis Extraktı ve Düşük Enerjili Lazer Uygulamalarının Deneysel Kemik Defektlerinin İyileşmesi Üzerine Etkilerinin Araştırılması.(2018) Altan, Semih; Altan, Feray; Çevik, Remzi; Alan, Emel; Sağsöz, Hakan; Kanay, Berna ErsözKemik iyilesmesinin öncelikli hedefi, en kısa sürede iyilesme, erken yürümeye olanak saglama, maksimum hasta rahatlıgı ve en az maliyetle hastayı normal saglıgına kavusturmaktır. Çalısmamızda; düsük enerjili lazer (DEL) tedavisinde kullanılan Galiumaliminum- arsenide (Ga-Al-As) lazerin ve tarantula cubensis ekstraktı (TCE) adlı hayvansal kaynaklı homeopatik ilacın uygulanarak spongiyö ve kortikal kemik iyilesmesi üzerindeki etkilerinin incelenmesi amaçlandı. Bu amaçla 54 adet Yeni Zelanda ırkı erkek tavsanın sag tibia kemiginin hem spongiyöz hem de kortikal bölgeleri üzerinde drill ile küresel kemik defekt alanları olusturuldu. Denekler; serum fizyolojik dısında hiçbir islem yapılmayan kontrol grubu, sadece düsük enerjili lazer tedavisi uygulanan DEL grubu ve tarantula cubensis ekstraktı uygulanan TCE grubu olarak rastgele 3 esit gruba ayrıldı. DEL postoperatif 4. günde baslayıp, 4 hafta boyunca (4 J/cm2, 5dk/gün) ve TCE 1?g/kg dozunda kemik defekti olusturulan bölgeye subkutan (SC) olarak postoperatif 3. günde baslamak üzere 7, 10 ve 15. günlerde uygulandı. Cerrahi islemi takiben 7, 21 ve 28. günler sonunda tüm denekler sakrifiye edilerek kemik iyilesmesi, histolojik, immünohistokimyasal, radyolojik ve serolojik olarak degerlendirildi. Radyolojik olarak spongiyoz bölgedeki defektlerin kortikale göre daha iyi oldugu rölatif optik dansite (ROD) ölçümlerine göre belirlendi. Ayrıca TCE grubunun 28. günde kontrol grubuna kıyasla ROD degeri açısından daha iyi oldugu belirlendi . Histolojik degerlendirmede TCE ve DEL grubunun kontrol grubuna kıyasla 7. gündeki kemik doku formasyonu ve kalitesi açısından daha iyi, 21. gündeki yangı hücre yogunlugu açısından daha az ve TCE grubunun kollagen maturasyonu 28. günde daha iyi oldugu saptandı . Serolojik ve immünohsitokimyasal olarak gruplar arasında belirgin bir fark bulunmamıstır. Sonuç olarak, bu çalısma ile lazer ve tarantula cubensis ekstraktının kemik iyilesmesini hızlandırmada benzer etkiye sahip oldugu ve kontrol grubundan ise daha etkili bir yöntem oldugu söylenebilir.
