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    Microbial and antibiotic resistant E. coli contamination in retail eggs produced by alternative and conventional rearing methods
    (Hellenic Veterinary Medical Soc, 2023) Güran, Hüsnü Şahan; Esen, S.; Alali, Walid Q.; 0000-0001-5011-1380; 0000-0002-6674-5510
    The aims of this study were to determine: i) the presence of total mesophilic aerobic bacteria (TMAB), total psychrophilic aerobic bacteria (TPAB) coliform, E. coli, Enterobacteriaceae and Salmonella in retail eggs pro-duced in different poultry rearing systems, ii) Enterobacteriaceae species diversity, and iii) antibiotic resistance profile of E. coli isolates. A total of 350 retail eggs produced by four different rearing systems [organic (n= 100), free-range (n= 100), barn (n= 50) and conventional-cage (n=100)] were collected and characterized microbiologically. Out of the 350 eggs tested, the eggshell surface samples were contaminated, with TMAB, TPAB, coliform, E. coli and Enterobac-teriaceae at positive percentages of 100%, 100%, 49.1%, 18.6% and 38%, respectively. The positive percentage of co-liform, E. coli and Enterobacteriaceae were statistically significant between rearing systems (P<0.05). However, only mean numbers of TMAB were statistically significant between rearing systems (P<0.05). The contamination percent positive of crushed eggshell samples, with TMAB, TPAB, coliform, E. coli and Enterobacteriaceae were 100%, 100%, 50%, 33.7% and 42.5%, respectively. Salmonella was detected from only one Enterobacteriaceae isolate obtained from an organic eggshell pool but not from eggshell surfaces or egg yolks. A total of 35 E. coli isolates were recovered from Enterobacteriaceae isolates. Twelve (34.3%) of them exhibited resistance to at least one antibiotic tested. The dominant type of resistance was to ampicillin detected in all 12 E. coli isolates. This study provides valuable baseline data of the occurrence of species diversity of Enterobacteriaceae and antibiotic resistant E. coli in retail eggs produced by alterna-tive or conventional-caged rearing methods which can be used for future risk assessments.
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    Prevalence and antimicrobial susceptibility pattern of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus isolates from retail raw meats in Turkey
    (Universiti Putra Malaysia, 2022) Güran, Hüsnü Şahan; Bayrak, A. R. Bozan; Alali, Walid Q.; Yeşiloğlu, Cihan
    The transmission of Staphylococcus aureus and methicillin-resistant S. aureus (MRSA) through food products of animal origin may pose a public health concern. Therefore, the objectives of the present work were to determine the prevalence of S. aureus and MRSA in raw meat samples (beef, chicken, turkey, and duck) at retail level, and to determine the antimicrobial resistance profile of the MRSA isolates. Between September 2018 and January 2019, a total of 325 raw meat samples were collected from retail stores, and analysed for the presence of S. aureus and MRSA using primary enrichment method as well as using secondary selective enrichment methods for MRSA detection. All the suspected S. aureus and MRSA colonies obtained from the samples were confirmed by both phenotypic and genotypic methods. The MRSA isolates were tested against various antimicrobials, and the minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC) of vancomycin was determined. Macrolide-lincosamide-streptogramin B (MLSB) resistance phenotypes were also screened using the double-disk diffusion test. The overall prevalence of S. aureus was 57.2%, whereas the food-specific prevalence in beef, turkey, duck, and chicken samples was 75, 53, 48, and 46%, respectively. The overall prevalence of MRSA was 1.2%, whereas it was 3, 1, 0, and 0% in beef, turkey, chicken, and duck samples, respectively. All MRSA isolates were detected by the secondary selective enrichment method. These MRSA isolates had a variety of MLSB resistance phenotypes (i.e., iMLSB, cMLSB, and MS-MLSB) with vancomycin MIC values ranging between 1 - 2 μg/mL. These findings are important for developing interventions to reduce raw meat contamination with S. aureus and MRSA, and to improve public health.
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    Prevalence of antibiotic-resistant Salmonella in retail organic chicken
    (Emerald Group Publishing Ltd, 2020) Guran, Husnu Sahan; Ciftci, Resat; Gursoy, Nafia Canan; Ozekinci, Tuncer; Alali, Walid Q.
    Purpose The objective of this study was to determine Salmonella prevalence, antimicrobial-resistant phenotypes, and their genetic relatedness in frozen organic chicken collected at retail level in Turkey. Design/methodology/approach Retail packs (n = 348) of cut-up chicken parts (breast, leg quarter and drumstick) and whole chicken carcasses were purchased from a central hypermarket in Diyarbakir (Southeast Anatolia Region in Turkey) and from a large online retailer in Turkey. The retail packs were paired by part type, brand, production date, and sell-by date. The chicken samples were analyzed for the presence of Salmonella spp., and then isolates were screened for antibiotic susceptibility, class I integron, and genetic similarity. Findings Salmonella prevalence in retail frozen organic chicken samples was 6.3 percent; however, the prevalence by parts, leg quarter, drumstick, breast, and whole chicken was 2.1 percent, 10.4 percent, 10.4 percent, and 0 percent, respectively. Salmonella prevalence was significantly higher in samples obtained from the hypermarket (9.2 percent) compared to online retailer (3.8 percent). All the isolates were serotype Infantis, genetically similar (highly clonal), and 68.2 percent harbored class I integron. All isolates were resistant to ciprofloxacin (drug of choice to treat salmonellosis in human), and 86.3 percent of the isolates were multidrug-resistant. Originality/value Salmonella prevalence in organic chicken meat, regardless of the retail market source in Turkey, may pose a health risk to consumers especially with the high prevalence of multi-drug resistant phenotypes. Findings inform researchers and the public about the safety of organically produced chicken and the potential health risk to consumers.
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    The relationship between Salmonella levels in chicken spleen and mechanically separated ground chicken
    (Elsevier Sci Ltd, 2016) Alali, Walid Q.; Celik, Cagatay; Wu, Diezhang; Cui, Yue; Guran, Husnu S.; Mann, David
    The objective of this study was to determine the relationship between Salmonella levels (presence and numbers) in chicken spleens and in mechanically separated chicken (MSC) at a commercial processing plant. Composite spleen and MSC samples were collected from 18 flocks at a commercial poultry processing plant. A total of 180 samples of each type were collected and tested for Salmonella using the most probable number (MPN) and enrichment methods. Overall, Salmonella was detected in 15.6% and 27.8% of spleen and MSC samples, respectively. The mean log MPN was 0.95 and 0.85 for the spleen and MSC samples, respectively. There was a significant relationship between Salmonella presence in spleen and MSC samples. However, the log MPN numbers in MSC samples were not significantly related to those in spleen samples. Salmonella presence in composite spleen samples (an indication of systemic infection in chickens) may predict MSC contamination with this pathogen, at the flock level. (C) 2016 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
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    Salmonella Levels in Turkey Neck Skins, Drumstick Bones, and Spleens in Relation to Ground Turkey
    (Int Assoc Food Protection, 2015) Cui, Yue; Guran, Husnu S.; Harrison, Mark A.; Hofacre, Charles L.; Alali, Walid Q.
    The objective of this study was to determine Salmonella levels (presence and numbers) in turkey drumstick bone, spleen, and neck skin samples in relation to Salmonella contamination levels in ground turkey at the flock level. Over a 10-month period, a total of 300 samples of each turkey part (i.e., neck skin, spleen, and drumstick) from 20 flocks were collected at a commercial turkey processing plant after the evisceration step. Turkey flocks included in this study were classified as targeted and nontargeted based on the company's historical ground turkey contamination data. A flock that originated from a turkey farm that had previously produced one or more flocks with >= 20% Salmonella prevalence in ground turkey was labeled as a targeted flock (n=13). The remaining seven flocks with <20% prevalence were labeled as nontargeted. All samples collected were tested for Salmonella presence and numbers by using most-probable-number and selective enrichment methods. Further genotypic analysis (pulsed-field gel electrophoresis) of the isolates was performed. Ground turkey samples were collected and analyzed for Salmonella levels by the cooperating turkey company. The outside surface of bone and spleen were sterilized prior to Salmonella analysis. The overall Salmonella prevalence in neck skin, drumstick bone, spleen, and ground turkey samples was 42.0, 9.3, 6.7, and 14.5%, respectively. Salmonella prevalence in neck skin, spleen, drumstick bone, and ground turkey from the targeted flocks was significantly (P < 0.05) higher than those from nontargeted flocks. There was a significant relationship between Salmonella presence in neck skin (when most probable numbers were >= 2 log) and Salmonella-positive ground turkey lot. Based on our findings, Salmonella was detected internally in drumstick bones and spleens at low levels, whereas Salmonella presence at higher levels in neck skin may indicate a flock with greater potential for Salmonella contamination of ground turkey.
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    Salmonella prevalence associated with chicken parts with and without skin from retail establishments in Atlanta metropolitan area, Georgia
    (Elsevier Sci Ltd, 2017) Guran, Husnu Sahan; Mann, David; Alali, Walid Q.
    The objective of this study was to determine Salmonella prevalence in chicken parts with and without skin collected from retail establishments in Atlanta metropolitan area (Georgia, USA). Retail packs (n = 525) of cut-up chicken parts (i.e., breasts and thighs with skin-on and skin-off, and drumsticks with skin-on) were collected from supermarket stores in five counties in Atlanta metropolitan area. The skin on and skin-off retail chicken packs by part type were paired by production company, plant numbers, and sell-by date. The skin from skin-on parts was removed and analyzed for presence of Salmonella; whereas the top layer of meat from skin-off parts was removed and analyzed for this pathogen. Additionally, Salmonella isolates were genotypically characterized. Salmonella prevalence in the skin of chicken breasts (44.7%) was significantly (P < 0.05) higher than in the meat (12.3%) of skin-off breast samples. Similarly, the prevalence was significantly (P < 0.05) higher in the skin of chicken thighs (40.9%) than that in the meat of skin-off thighs (22.8%). Salmonella prevalence in skin of drumsticks was 41%. Among the 117 isolates characterized, eight Salmonella serotypes were identified including Heidelberg (46.1%), Kentucky (26.4%), Typhimurium (11.10, Infantis (5.1%), Seftenberg (2.5%), and Thompson (0.8%). High clonality of Salmonella isolates within and between chicken part type was observed. Skin-on chicken part may act as a greater source of Salmonella transmission to consumers compared to skin-off chicken parts. (C) 2016 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.