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Öğe Adaptions in subsistence strategy to environment changes across the Younger Dryas-Early Holocene boundary at Körtiktepe, Southeastern Turkey(Sage Publications INC., 2022) Emra, Stephanie; Benz, Marion; Siddiq, Abu B.; Özkaya, VecihiThe site of Kortiktepe in southeastern Turkey is one of few sites in the Upper Mesopotamia basin that attests continuous, permanent occupation across the boundary from end of the colder, drier Younger Dryas (YD) into the comparatively wetter and warmer Early Holocene (EH). This allows for the study of the degree of environmental change experienced on a local level over this boundary as well as for the study of the adaptations that the occupants of the site undertook in response to these changes. The mammal assemblage of Kortiktepe remains relatively stable across the YD - EH transition with the main contributors to diet being mouflon (Ovis orientalis) and red deer (Cervus elaphus) in approximately the same quantities, although the contribution of aurochs (Bos primigenius) increases in the EH. The most significant changes can be seen in the shift in avifauna remains, with a sharp increase of waterbirds during the EH. It is proposed that these shifts reflect changes in the local environment with an increase in woodland cover as well as expansion of local waterways, which is generally consistent with previously published archaeobotanical studies. In terms of species exploited, mortality profiles as well as size distribution of mammals, a great deal of continuity is observed. This suggests that over this particular period the local impact of the beginning of the Early Holocene was not overly dramatic, allowing for cultural continuity of previously established subsistence strategies.Öğe Alinda: An ancient city with its remains and monumental tombs in Caria(Universite de Bordeaux III (Michel de Montaigne), 2003) Özkaya, Vecihi; San, OyaA brief historical and topographical presentation of the Alinda site carried out during an extended archeological study on graveyards. Proposition for a typological classification of these funereal monuments.Öğe Ancient mitogenomes from Pre-Pottery Neolithic Central Anatolia and the effects of a Late Neolithic bottleneck in sheep (Ovis aries)(2024) Sandoval-Castellanos, Edson; Hare, Andrew J.; Lin, Audrey T.; Dimopoulos, Evangelos Antonios; Daly, Kevin Gerard; Geiger, Sheila; Mullin, Victoria E.; Özkaya, Vecihi; 0000-0002-0840-8225; 0000-0002-5579-6144; 0000-0002-3008-3148Occupied between ~10,300 and 9300 years ago, the Pre-Pottery Neolithic site of Aşıklı Höyük in Central Anatolia went through early phases of sheep domestication. Analysis of 629 mitochondrial genomes from this and numerous sites in Anatolia, southwest Asia, Europe, and Africa produced a phylogenetic tree with excessive coalescences (nodes) around the Neolithic, a potential signature of a domestication bottleneck. This is consistent with archeological evidence of sheep management at Aşıklı Höyük which transitioned from residential stabling to open pasturing over a millennium of site occupation. However, unexpectedly, we detected high genetic diversity throughout Aşıklı Höyük's occupation rather than a bottleneck. Instead, we detected a tenfold demographic bottleneck later in the Neolithic, which caused the fixation of mitochondrial haplogroup B in southwestern Anatolia. The mitochondrial genetic makeup that emerged was carried from the core region of early Neolithic sheep management into Europe and dominates the matrilineal diversity of both its ancient and the billion-strong modern sheep populations.Öğe Auditory exostosis: Exploring the daily life at an early sedentary population (Kortik Tepe, Turkey)(Wiley, 2018) Koruyucu, Meliha Melis; Şahin, Feridun S.; Delibaş, D.; Erdal, Ömür Dilek; Benz, Marion; Özkaya, Vecihi; Erdal, Yılmaz Selim; 0000-0001-8143-8159; 0000-0002-3008-3148Auditory exostosis (AE) is a bony anomaly located on the tympanic portion of the temporal bone. Cold water, wind chill, and the effects of temperature are considered to be contributors to the development of AE. It is frequently encountered among surfers, lifeguards, whitewater kayakers, swimmers, and divers. Accordingly, there is a strong relationship between prolonged exposure to cold water and the frequency and grade of AE. For this reason, AE can be accepted as an occupational anomaly. In this study, AE from Kortik Tepe, Turkey, were analysed to understand the lifestyle of early hunter gatherer populations from Anatolia. One hundred twenty-eight individuals and 174 temporal bones from Kortik Tepe were examined for the frequency and severity (graded) of AE. Forty-five individuals (35.2%) have exostosis of various sizes. Half of 40 male individuals and 42.5% of females (n: 40) have AE with no statistically significant difference between the sexes. First observed in individuals 7 years of age, severity and frequency of AE increase with age. Besides increasing in frequency, the increase in size of AE suggest a continuous and prolonged exposure to cold water. The people of Kortik Tepe, which is surrounded by numerous freshwater sources, must have been subjected to cold water through activities such as bathing, cleaning, swimming, and playing in the water, as well as fishing. Our results suggest that the lifestyle of early sedentary people in Kortik Tepe was rather egalitarian with little or no gender differences and was closely connected to aquatic sources. Bioarchaeological data suggest that Kortik Tepe can be accepted as a community of hunter-gatherer-fishermen.Öğe A heart-shaped bone artifact from Körtiktepe(Ankara Üniversitesi Dil ve Tarih-Coğrafya Fakültesi, 2020) Özkaya, Vecihi; Sıddıq, Abu BakarAbstract:Along with the emergence of sedentary life, the Pre-Pottery Neolithic (PPN) settlements brought revolutionary changes in production of material cultures as well as cultic and ritual activities, which are often argued to be associated with new waves of interactions between humans and their natural world. Körtiktepe of southeastern Turkey yielded by far the richest PPN assemblage in the world, standing among the very few earliest cultural and production centers which acted to be the predecessors of the development and spread of the Neolithic in West Asia. In this paper, we report a heart-shaped bone artifact which is one of the rarest finds in the extremely large cultural assemblage of Körtiktepe. The manufacture features indicate that the “heart-like” shape of this unique artifact was the product of intentional human activity. Overall archaeological context indicates its probable use as a bone pendant or amulet for the dead; providing the fact of its association with three early PPNA burials, many other ritual objects, and a large number of grave goods. Although difficult to argue for its association with the sense for “emotion”, “affection” or “love” in the present world, it is still significant that the unique specimen traces the symbolic presence and ritual use of the shape of a “heart” in West Asian prehistoric context back to the Early Pre-Pottery Neolithic of around 10000 cal BC.Öğe A heart-shaped bone artifact from Körtiktepe(2024) Özkaya, Vecihi; Sıddıq, Abu B.Along with the emergence of sedentary life, the Pre-Pottery Neolithic (PPN) settlements brought revolutionary changes in production of material cultures as well as cultic and ritual activities, which are often argued to be associated with new waves of interactions between humans and their natural world. Körtiktepe of southeastern Turkey yielded by far the richest PPN assemblage in the world, standing among the very few earliest cultural and production centers which acted to be the predecessors of the development and spread of the Neolithic in West Asia. In this paper, we report a heart-shaped bone artifact which is one of the rarest finds in the extremely large cultural assemblage of Körtiktepe. The manufacture features indicate that the “heart-like” shape of this unique artifact was the product of intentional human activity. Overall archaeological context indicates its probable use as a bone pendant or amulet for the dead; providing the fact of its association with three early PPNA burials, many other ritual objects, and a large number of grave goods. Although difficult to argue for its association with the sense for “emotion”, “affection” or “love” in the present world, it is still significant that the unique specimen traces the symbolic presence and ritual use of the shape of a “heart” in West Asian prehistoric context back to the Early Pre-Pottery Neolithic of around 10000 cal BC.Öğe Körtiktepe in the origin and development on the neolithic in upper Mesopotamia(Taylor and Francis, 2023) Özkaya, Vecihi; Siddiq, Abu B.The transition from Late Epipalaeolithic to early Pre-Pottery Neolithic (PPN) (PPNA) was a gradual process that took a time span of over two millennia. When observing the development of material cultures of this time, it appeared that some long-lived busy Younger Dryas sedentary sites acted as centres of cultural and ritual trends, while comparatively smaller and younger sites followed these mainstream trends. To date, Tell Qaramel, Tell Mureybet and Tell Abu Hureyra in northern Syria and Körtik Tepe in southeastern Turkey revealed securely dated Younger Dryas occupations with permanent building traditions in Upper Mesopotamia. With many similarities and differences, wide practices of animal symbolism are observed at these sites-which likely promoted the development of extensive animal symbolism in the emergence of Neolithic. Körtik Tepe-with its highly skilled local hunter-gatherer community, complex symbolic practices, signs of local origins for many cultural traditions and the greatest concentration of material cultures-stands as an influencing Younger Dryas-Early Holocene centre that apparently directed the cultural trends throughout the emergence and development of the Neolithic in the Upper Tigris Basin. Some symbols at Körtik Tepe were unique and many other symbols were of supraregional characteristics. Here, with the help of settlement history, subsistence, burial practice and symbolic trends in regional-interregional context, we seek the position of Körtik Tepe in the origin and development of Neolithic in Upper Mesopotamia.
