Ozcan, Omer FarukKilic, HeybetOzguven, Omerul Faruk2025-02-222025-02-2220250360-3199https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijhydene.2025.01.337https://hdl.handle.net/11468/29863Microgrids integrating renewable energy sources, hydrogen fuel cells, battery-based energy storage systems (ESS), and various loads have become essential for the seamless incorporation of distributed energy into the grid. Hydrogen fuel cells, in particular, are crucial for providing reliable, clean electricity, especially during periods of reduced renewable energy availability. This paper presents a unified control solution for converters and inverters, utilizing a hybrid optimized Takagi–Sugeno–Kang (TSK) fuzzy-based approach to manage ESS operation, with a strong focus on hydrogen fuel cells. The strategy dynamically controls the power generated or stored in the ESS, prioritizing hydrogen fuel cells based on grid demand, available renewable power, and the battery's state of charge (SOC). This method reduces active power exchange at the point of common coupling during grid-connected mode and supports frequency regulation during island mode operations, thereby improving system stability and efficiency. To enhance Fuzzy System (FS) design, a hybrid genetic algorithm (GA) and grey wolf optimizer (GWO) approach is applied, accelerating rule generation and optimizing system performance. Simulation results demonstrated that the proposed hybrid GGWO-TSK control strategy achieved 97.58% PV and 98.56% wind tracking efficiency, while optimizing hydrogen fuel cell utilization to maintain a 98.88% fuel cell tracking efficiency. This method effectively minimized power exchange, improved frequency regulation, and enhanced microgrid stability, ensuring efficient energy management in both grid-connected and islanded modes. The proposed framework proves to be a robust and scalable solution for hydrogen fuel cell-integrated microgrids, contributing to a more resilient and sustainable energy system under diverse operating scenarios. © 2025 Hydrogen Energy Publications LLCeninfo:eu-repo/semantics/closedAccessFrequency regulationHybrid GGWO optimizationHydrogen fuel cellMicrogrid controlPower exchange minimizationRenewable energy managementTakagi–Sugeno fuzzy controlArticle2-s2.0-8521684068210.1016/j.ijhydene.2025.01.337Q1