Digest of state practice: 1 January – 30 June 2023

Europe - Russia-Ukraine: Russian aggression against Ukraine - Belarus: Security guarantees from Russia Africa - Burkina Faso: France withdraws from Burkina Faso - Benin: Benin to receive military assistance from Rwanda to protect its borders - Democratic Republic of the Congo: Tensions with Rwanda and troop deployments by the EAC, the SADC and Angola - Nigeria: Foreign military operations against ISWAP - Central African Republic: CAR defends restrictions on MINUSCA and asks for a more robust mandate - Central African Republic: Chad conducts a joint military operation with the CAR - Ethiopia: Allegations that Eritrean troops are still in Ethiopia - Sudan: US conducts military operation to rescue its embassy personnel - Somalia: US military operations continued and authorisation for ATMIS extended - Mali: MINUSMA starts withdrawal upon Mali's request - Mali: Nigerien incursion into Mali Middle East - Lebanon: Rocket attacks following the al-Aqsa mosque raid - Syria: Strikes by Israel, Iran, the US and Turkey - Iraq: Iranian and Turkish attacks - Iraq and Syria: US conducts strikes against ISIS - Iran: Threats of force by Israel and the US, and an attack on the Azerbaijan Embassy - Israel: Shooting along the Egyptian border Asia - China: Law on Foreign Relations - Taiwan: States' positions on relations between China and Taiwan - Philippines: ‘Bilateral defence guidelines’ between the US and Philippines Americas - Haiti: Debates on the deployment of an international armed force continued - Mexico: Mexico rejects calls for US military intervention against drug cartels - United States: US shoots down a suspected Chinese spy balloon Non-Regional Issues - UN Security Council debate on the ‘The promotion and strengthening of the rule of law in the maintenance of international peace and security: the rule of law among nations’ - UN Security Council debate on climate change and international peace and security - G7 countries emphasise the prohibition of territorial acquisition by force